Module 4

Question 1

Nervous system:

Answer 1

Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Every thought and action match it’s activity. Immediate rapid electrical response

Question 2

3 stages

Answer 2

Input: through millions of sensory receptors

Integration: processes the sensory input and decides what to do at each moment

Output: Effects causes a response by activating muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output

Question 3

Central nervous system

Answer 3

Brain and spine
- Motor/ efferent fibres: Somatic nervous system (voluntary) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary): Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight, autonomic system calms you down

Question 4

Peripheral nervous system:

Answer 4

Nerves that link everything together, they carry information
- Sensory/ afferent fibres: Somatic fibres and visceral fibres.

Question 5

Nervous tissue: two types of cells

Answer 5

Supporting cells/ neuroglia/ glial cells, Nerve cells/ neurons

Question 6

2) Nerve cells/ neurons

Answer 6

• Transmit nerve messages (nerve impulses)
• Contain a cell body: metabolic center with a nucleus surrounded by a cytoplasm
• Fibres= process
• Dendrites: Electrical signals towards cell bodies. There can be hundreds per neuron
• Axons: Electrical signals away from cell bodies. One per neuron

Question 7

Supporting cells/ neuroglia/ glial cells

Answer 7

• CNS glial cells: Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes (produce myelin sheaths) sheaths
• PNS glial cells: Schwan cells (produce myelin sheaths) and satellite cells

Question 8

Ganglia

Answer 8

Collection of cell bodies in the PNS

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

• Neurotransmitter (chemical) crosses the synapse (gap) to transmit the signal from one neuron to the next
• Binds to receptor on next neuron and initiates depolarization

Question 10

Nuclei

Answer 10

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

Question 11

Tracts

Answer 11

Bundles of nerve fibres running through the PNS

Question 12

Myelin sheaths

Answer 12

• Protects and insulates the fibres
• Increases transmission rate of nerve impulses
• Schwan cells have gaps called nodes of Ranvier. This is very important for transmission rate
• Fibres that have myelin sheaths conduct impulses faster, nerve jumps from node to node

Question 13

Cutaneous senses:

Answer 13

Touch, pressure, vibration and temperature

Question 14

Proprioception

Answer 14

Sensing of body position and pain (nociception)

Question 15

Types of sensory receptors

Answer 15

• Free nerve endings: Pain and temperature receptors
• Lamellar: Deep pressure receptor
• Muscle spindle: proprioceptor
• Golgi tendon organ: proprioceptor
• Meissner’s corpuscle: Touch receptor

Question 16

Cerebral hemisphere/ cerebrum

Answer 16

Cortex, basal nuclei (ganglia)

Question 17

Fast pain pathway:

Answer 17

Stimulation and transmission of nerve impulses over A delta fibres (triggers the withdrawal reflex)

Question 18

Slow pain pathway:

Answer 18

Stimulation and transmission of nerve impulses over non- myelinated C fibres

Question 19

A- alpha

Answer 19

Propioception

Question 20

A- beta

Answer 20

Touch

Question 21

A- delta

Answer 21

Mechano and thermal

Question 22

C

Answer 22

Mechano, thermal and chemical

Question 23

Blood brain barrier

Answer 23

• Separates neurons from blood borne substances
• Composed of the least permeable capillaries in the entire body
• These capillaries are connected by tiny junctions
• Only water, glucose and essential amino acids pass through it easily

Question 24

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 24

• Watery liquid similar to blood plasma in its contents (less protein, more vitamin C)
• Forms cushion around the brain and spine, protects against trauma

Question 25

Brain stem

Answer 25

Mid brain, medulla oblongata, reticular formation (functional system), cerebrum,

Question 26

Meniges

Answer 26

• Three tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS
  Dura matter
  Arachnoid matter
  Pia matter