Midterm 2 Flashcards
Nutrition
Interaction of food with the organism
Includes: prehension, eating, digesting, absorbing, metabolizing and eliminating
Essential nutrients
Things we have evolved to get from the environment
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients required in small quantities. Essential for high function. Sodium, calcium, potassium, copper and iodine
Sodium
Found in table salt. Too much increases bp. Nerves
Calcium
Found in dairy and dark green veggies. Bones and teeth
Potassium
Found in almost everything. Nerves
Copper
Vulcans and enzymes. Toxic in high levels
Iodine
Added to our salt because this part of the world is lacking it. Thyroid
Vitamins
Organic nutrients required in small quantities. Essential for normal function, can not be synthesized within the organism (other than vitamin D)
Which vitamins requires what mineral to function
Vit E and selenium
Water soluble vitamins
B’s and C’s
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Where do we get C H and O
Directly from plants or if we eat animals who have eaten the plants
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
C, H and O. Most common is glucose. Glycogen is a big source of energy when lacking a meal
Storage polysaccharides
Where plants and animals store sugars
Starch= Plant storage (potatoes and grains)
Glycogen= Animal storage (muscle and liver)
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose: cell walls in plants
Wood: Made of cellulose
Can be digested by fermentation, hard for monogastrics
Chintin: exoskeletons
Lipids
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fate: Source of energy when readily oxidized
Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bonds, fewer hydrogens. Plants and fish fats. Omega 3= essential fatty acid for humans
Saturated fatty acids: Single bonds, saturated with hydrogen. Animal fats
Phospholipids
Major component of cell membrane in animals
Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
Steroids (lipids)
Carbon skeleton in rings. precursor for hormone synthesis
Proteins
Over 50% of dry matter in cells. Made up of amino acids (20). Long chains, folded structure. One amino acid change can cause sickle cell anemia (RBC’s do not form properly to carry enough oxygen)
Nucleic acids
In DNA and RNA. programs all proteins.
DNA
Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytose and thymine
RNA
U=T (uracil)
Double helix
Caused by the AT GC bonds
How are macromolecules (fuel) delivered to the cells
Bloodstream
Glycolysis
No net ATP produced. pieces of glucose molecule get chopped off, glucose= 3 carbons= pyruvate. Changes nature of molecule. 34% efficient, rest is lost as heat. 30-32 ATP molecules will be produced
Pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate turns into acetyl co-A. Needs O2 and B vitamins
Vitamin B
Shot can help when lacking energy to help speed up these reactions
Fermintation
If no oxygen is present after pyruvate oxidation, ethanol, lactate or other products are produced
NADH
Co- enzyme made from niacin (B3)
FADH
Contains riboflavin (B2)
Acetyl co-A
Co- enzyme made from pantothenic acid (B5)
Cellular respiration is driven by glucose
Directly from carbohydrates, indirectly from glycogen, fats (glycerol) and proteins (glucogenisis)
Proteins (amino acids), fatty acids and vitamins are required for intermediate compounds