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BIOL1050 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

Interaction of food with the organism

Includes: prehension, eating, digesting, absorbing, metabolizing and eliminating

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2
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Things we have evolved to get from the environment

Amino acids
Fatty acids
Minerals
Vitamins

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3
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic nutrients required in small quantities. Essential for high function. Sodium, calcium, potassium, copper and iodine

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4
Q

Sodium

A

Found in table salt. Too much increases bp. Nerves

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5
Q

Calcium

A

Found in dairy and dark green veggies. Bones and teeth

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6
Q

Potassium

A

Found in almost everything. Nerves

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7
Q

Copper

A

Vulcans and enzymes. Toxic in high levels

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8
Q

Iodine

A

Added to our salt because this part of the world is lacking it. Thyroid

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9
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic nutrients required in small quantities. Essential for normal function, can not be synthesized within the organism (other than vitamin D)

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10
Q

Which vitamins requires what mineral to function

A

Vit E and selenium

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11
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B’s and C’s

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12
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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13
Q

Where do we get C H and O

A

Directly from plants or if we eat animals who have eaten the plants

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14
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C, H and O. Most common is glucose. Glycogen is a big source of energy when lacking a meal

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16
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

Where plants and animals store sugars
Starch= Plant storage (potatoes and grains)

Glycogen= Animal storage (muscle and liver)

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17
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose: cell walls in plants
Wood: Made of cellulose
Can be digested by fermentation, hard for monogastrics
Chintin: exoskeletons

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18
Q

Lipids

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fate: Source of energy when readily oxidized

Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bonds, fewer hydrogens. Plants and fish fats. Omega 3= essential fatty acid for humans

Saturated fatty acids: Single bonds, saturated with hydrogen. Animal fats

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major component of cell membrane in animals

Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group

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20
Q

Steroids (lipids)

A

Carbon skeleton in rings. precursor for hormone synthesis

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21
Q

Proteins

A

Over 50% of dry matter in cells. Made up of amino acids (20). Long chains, folded structure. One amino acid change can cause sickle cell anemia (RBC’s do not form properly to carry enough oxygen)

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22
Q

Nucleic acids

A

In DNA and RNA. programs all proteins.

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23
Q

DNA

A

Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytose and thymine

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24
Q

RNA

A

U=T (uracil)

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25
Q

Double helix

A

Caused by the AT GC bonds

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26
Q

How are macromolecules (fuel) delivered to the cells

A

Bloodstream

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27
Q

Glycolysis

A

No net ATP produced. pieces of glucose molecule get chopped off, glucose= 3 carbons= pyruvate. Changes nature of molecule. 34% efficient, rest is lost as heat. 30-32 ATP molecules will be produced

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28
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate turns into acetyl co-A. Needs O2 and B vitamins

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29
Q

Vitamin B

A

Shot can help when lacking energy to help speed up these reactions

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30
Q

Fermintation

A

If no oxygen is present after pyruvate oxidation, ethanol, lactate or other products are produced

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31
Q

NADH

A

Co- enzyme made from niacin (B3)

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32
Q

FADH

A

Contains riboflavin (B2)

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33
Q

Acetyl co-A

A

Co- enzyme made from pantothenic acid (B5)

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34
Q

Cellular respiration is driven by glucose

A

Directly from carbohydrates, indirectly from glycogen, fats (glycerol) and proteins (glucogenisis)

Proteins (amino acids), fatty acids and vitamins are required for intermediate compounds

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35
Q

Types of herbivores

A

Grazers and browsers

36
Q

Grazers

A

Grasses and legumes (horses)

37
Q

Browsers

A

Woody plants and grasses. Break down cellulose better (donkeys and deer)

38
Q

Ingestion

A

Biting and chewing
- Harvesting food, grinding and mechanical breakdown

Salivation

  • Adds water to food
  • Adds enzymes (omnivores)
  • Salivary amylaze: Glycogen and starch

Swallowing
- Moves bolus of food

39
Q

Digestion (stomach)

A

Gastric juices and HCL + pepsin

HCl reduces pH and turns pepsinogen into pepsin (if we secreted pepsin, our body would digest itself

40
Q

Digestive variants: Birds

A

Have gizzards. Replace teeth with grinding function

Ruminants: 3 compartments ahead of the stomach

Hindgut fermentors: Large cecum and large intestine

41
Q

Ruminant compartments

A

1) Reticulum
2) Rumen
3) Omasum
4) Abomasum

42
Q

Reticulum

A

Rumination gate keeper. Rumen bypass in calves

43
Q

Rumen

A

Microbes are there to digest carbs. Materials can spend hours, days or weeks here. Microbes produce volatile fatty acids (energy)

44
Q

Omasum

A

Absorbs water from rumen contents

45
Q

Abomasum

A

Breaks down proteins. Like our stomachs without the strong acids

46
Q

Coprophagy

A

Rabbits reinvest their wet feces to gain more nutrients, it breaks down further and is dry when eliminated the second time

47
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

48
Q

Pariteal cells

A

Secrete HCL

49
Q

Gastric ulcer

A

When there is too much pepsin and it eats through the mucus

50
Q

Why does stomach lining produce mucus

A

To protect itself

51
Q

Which animals are hindgut fermentors

A

Horses, donkeys, elephants, rhinos, rabbits and koalas

52
Q

Symbiotic digestion

A

Digesting cellulose

53
Q

Large intestine

A

Fermentation: While water is present. VFA’s are absorbed for energy. High cellulose stuff (fiber) will be left over

54
Q

Sucessful probiotics

A

Must be capsulated so they actually make it to the large intestine alive

55
Q

Regulation of digestion

A

Mechanical: Full

Chemical: Blood glucose

Apetite: Mental

56
Q

Gastric gland

A

Secretes substances made by the cells

57
Q

Homeostasis

A

17-110mg of glucose per every 100mL of blood

58
Q

How does the liver help achieve homeostasis

A

1) Can transport glucose into body cells and store as glycogen (when too high)
2) Can breakdown glycogen and release glucose into blood

59
Q

How does the pancreas help achieve homeostasis

A

1) Secretes insulin when blood glucose level rises after eating (when too high)
2) Secretes glucagon (when too low)

60
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose

61
Q

Volatile fatty acids

A

Acetate, propionate, butyrate

62
Q

Acetate

A

Directed to muscles and fats

63
Q

Propionate

A

Convert to glucose in the liver

64
Q

Butyrate

A

Converted to ketone bodies

65
Q

Each cellulose ring

A

Is a glucose

66
Q

Cellulose

A

Complex carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls

Very insoluble fibre in omnivore digestive system

67
Q

What enzyme breaks down cellulose

A

Cellulase, found in microbes

68
Q

Why do humans consume cellulose

A

To bulk up the diet, and to feel full, however humans tent to eat the low cellulose parts of plants

69
Q

Process of rumination

A

Regurgitation. Develop symbiosis with organisms that can digest plant material

70
Q

Dead microbes

A

Protein

71
Q

Which VFA’s undergo the citric acid cycle

A

Acetic acid and butyric acid

72
Q

Where do VFA’s in dairy cows end up

A

Milk fat (butter fat) or lactose (milk sugar)

73
Q

Omnivores

A

Limited symbiosis with micrograms. High firer diet is no good

74
Q

Appendix

A

Non functioning. Too much sitting in it and not moving causes appendicitis

75
Q

Large intestine in omnivores

A

Not a great fermentor. Cellulose is not well broken down. Microbes can not be captured

76
Q

Methods for omnivores when it comes to plants that are too high in fiber

A

Grains are the most digestible plant components

Processed plants (ground up)

Cooking: Can denature protein structure

77
Q

Carnivores

A

Have to eat meat. Not enough enzymes in saliva to digest sugars

Produce glucose via glycogenesis and use normal cellular respiration from there on

78
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Reverse glycolysis. All done in the liver. Costs energy. Starts with lactate in the muscles

79
Q

Carnivore teeth

A

Large canines, lots of pre molars. Teeth overlap, mouths are full of bacteria.

80
Q

Herbivore

A

Missing upper incisors, tiny canines ** Dental pad**

Grind food

81
Q

Omnivores

A

Everything is pretty even

Crush food

82
Q

Intracellular digestion

A
  • In addition to exctra cellular digestion (small scale digestion)
  • Circulating macromolecules. Substances are wrapped in vacuoles and digested in vacuole to avoid digesting the cell
83
Q

When do horses need their teeth done

A

When they drool while eating and when there are whole kernels of corn/ grain in stool

84
Q

What are volatile fatty acids

A
  • Produced by microbes
  • Can be absorbed by cecum or large intestine to produce energy. Excess VFA’s go directly to tissues
  • Can’t capture microbial protein via stomach and small intestine because the cecum is behind that
85
Q

Toxic plants for equids

A

Jugulone (nut trees): Toxicosis (colic, swelling, laminitis)

Oak, red maple: Acorns, wilted leaves

Cherry plumb
Cyanide compounds in leaves, pits

BIOL1050 (12 decks)

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