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BIOL1050 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mangoliophyhta

A

Flowering plants

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2
Q

Spermatophyta

A

Seed plants

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3
Q

Tracheobionta

A

Vascular plants

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4
Q

Ploidy levels

A

Number of genes

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5
Q

Species

A

Group of individuals who produce viable and fertilitie offspring when they interbreed

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6
Q

Cultivar

A

Recognized species cultivated by us

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7
Q

Intergenic hybrids

A

Cant be fertile without human assistance

X between two genera indicates the cross

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8
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering vascular plants with covered seeds, double fertilization and fruit

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9
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Naked seeds- cones

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10
Q

Carpel (can be one or more)

A

Stigma, style and ovary (female)

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11
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky to attract pollen

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12
Q

Style

A

Leads from stigma to ovary

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13
Q

Petal

A

Attractive for reproduction. Contains spores, stamens and carpels

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14
Q

Stamens

A

Anther and filament

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15
Q

Anther

A

Where pollen is produced

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16
Q

Filament

A

Stalk

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17
Q

Sepal

A

encloses flower before it opens

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18
Q

4 major flower organs

A

Sepal, stamens, carpel, petal

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19
Q

Inflorescence angiosperm flowers

A

Clusters

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20
Q

Complete angiosperm flowers

A

Contain all four flower organs

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21
Q

Incomplete angiosperm flowers

A

Lack one or more organs

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22
Q

Flowers

A

Made by angiosperms to produce seed and fruit (all make fruits even though we don’t know it)

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23
Q

Fruit

A

As seeds develop from ovules, the ovary wall thickens and matures into a fruit

Some dry fruits open at maturity to release seeds

The ones that do not rely on wind, water or animals to eat and digest

Although most are fleshy, they do not have to be

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24
Q

Subspecies

A

Would be capable of producing viable and fertile offspring but can not in nature because of geographical and other barriers

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25
Q

Corn

A

Tassel- stamenait flower

Ear- Each silk is a stigma

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26
Q

Canola (brassica spp.)

A

Most valuable crop in Canada, oil is used extracted from seeds. Complete flower. We use brassica rapa L

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27
Q

Alternate generations: Sporophyte generation (2n)

A

Plant parts you are most familiar with

Produce haploid (n) spores by meiosis

Grow into gametophytes

Dependant on this generation for survival

(Zygote and germination)

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28
Q

Alternate generations: Gametophyte generation (n)

A

Some plants grow in this state

Produce haploid gametes by meiosis

Fusion of gametes produces diploid sporophyte

(Pollen grain and embryo sac forming)

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29
Q

Zygote

A

Union of sperm and egg cell

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30
Q

Predominant Generation

A

Higher plants- 2n is more predominant

Ferns- even

Mosses- n is more predominant

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31
Q

Pollen grain

A

Absorbs and germinates water (contains tube nucleus and generative nucleus )

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32
Q

Tube cell

A

Produces pollen tube which grows down style and penetrates micropyle (pore)

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33
Q

Generative cell

A

Goes down pollen tube and discharges sperm into the embryo sac

One sperm fertilizes the egg and forms a diploid zygote (becomes the embryo)

The other fuses with the two nuclei and produces a triploid cell that will develop into the endosperm

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34
Q

After double fertilization….

A

Ovule= seed

Zygote= sporophyte

Triploid cell= endosperm

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35
Q

Male gametes

A

Microspores (in pollen grains)

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36
Q

Female gametes

A

Megaspores eg. (embryo sac)

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37
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Looked at angiosperms as a totally mystery

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38
Q

Endosperm development

A

Typically develops before the embryo does

Triploid nucleus of the ovule divides, super cell us formed after double fertilization (endosperm)

Becomes multicellular when membranes from around nuclei

Starts as a liquid, becomes a solid

Will not produce without sufficient O2

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39
Q

Endosperm

A

Monocots and some dicots= endosperm is food for seeds

Other dicots= Food reserves are exported to and stored in the cotyledons

Rarely: Food reserves are stored in maternal tissues

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40
Q

Embryo development

A

1st meiotic cell division of the zygote splits the fertilized egg into a terminal egg (turns into embryo) on basal cell

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41
Q

Basal cell

A

Continues to divide, produces a thread of cells called the suspensor which anchors the embryo to the parent plant

Pushes embryo into nutritious tissues

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42
Q

Epicotyl

A

First miniature pair of leaves

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43
Q

Scutellum

A

Cotyledon of a monocot (grass)

44
Q

Coleoptile

A

Covers young shoot

45
Q

Coleorhiza

A

Covers young root

46
Q

Pistil

A

A carpel or 2 or more fused carpels (ovary will have more chambers)

47
Q

Monocots

A

One cotyledon

Flowers: multiples of 3

Leaves: Parallel veins

Roots: Primary roots replaced by adventitious roots (grows from stem)

Pollen: One pore (furrow)

48
Q

Dicots

A

Two cotyledons

Multiples of four and five

Network of veins

Primary root can persist (tap root)

3 or more furrows

49
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Various strategies to move gametes around to dispense seeds

50
Q

Pollen (Species specific)

A

Ranges from 6-100 micro meters

Outercoating (exine)- made up of very tough polymers of pollen

  • Different patterns
  • Composed of sporopollen
  • Surface is made up of proteins which is how it is recognized by stigma
51
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Very unknown because so difficult to break down that it gets broken down too far

52
Q

Palynology

A

Study particulates in sediments and fossils
Pollen can be used to….
1) Reconstruct past environments
2) Follow changes in the plant ecosystem over time
3) Links populations to climate change
Huge flaw: Wind pollen is way over represented

53
Q

Animal pollination (will be more effected by climate change)

A

80% of plants, more efficient
15% by bees
100 000 animals involved, 250 000 species of plants

54
Q

Methods of attraction

A

colour, nectar, deception, “cheaper” than producing so much pollen

55
Q

Insects

A

See green, blue and UV light (so can see colours that we can not)
Flowers have landing guides (some even mimic female insects to attract males)

56
Q

Birds

A

See red, green and blue (likes red cuz no insects)

57
Q

Darwin’s predictions

A

Orchid in madagascar
Nectar was 11.5 inches into the plant
Said there must be an insect to reach it
41 years later, the insect was found

58
Q

Amorphophallus titanium

A

Corps flower

1) Releases heat and odour
2) Attracts and traps beetles
3) They transfer pollen
4) relaxes and beetles leave

59
Q

Reffelesia arnoldii

A

Worlds largest flower, diameter is about 1m
Imperfect flower
Smells like rotting meat

60
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of gametes

61
Q

Pollination

A

Happens with microsporangium breaks open

62
Q

Monocot seed structure

A

Bran, endosperm, germ

63
Q

Bran

A

Outermost layer, contains most of the fibre and is a good source of the B vitamins

64
Q

Endosperm

A

Made up of mainly starch (carbo hydrates). Contains most of the proteins, vitamins and minerals

65
Q

Germ

A

The embryo or sprouting section of the seed. Source of vegetable oils and a rich source of vitamin E and complex B vitamins

66
Q

Orthodox seeds (tolerant seeds)

A

Embryo and endosperm are protected by a hard seed coat

When seed enters a state of dormancy, moisture levels drop

remains viable for extended periods as long as it doesn’t dry, or get too cold

67
Q

Svalbard global seed vault- seed trust

A

Safeguards as much as the world seeds as possible
Can’t store unorthodox seeds
860 000 samples (-19C)

68
Q

Sexual reproduction advantages

A

High survival rates in fluctuating climates

69
Q

Sexual reproduction disadvantages

A

At risk for extinction

70
Q

Asexual reproduction advantages

A

No need for pollinator

Passes on all genes instead of just half (clone)

Grows faster because fed from photosynthesis from the growing plant

71
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Vulnerable to locan extinction

Fragile seed

72
Q

Methods of asexual reproduction (apomixis)

A

Parthenogenesis, diplospory, adventitious embryony

73
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Genotype is identical to the parent

Endosperm can happen with or without fertilization

74
Q

diplospory

A

Megaspore mother cell does not innate or finish meiosis (remains 2n)

Requires pollination: endosperm gets fertilized but the egg does not

75
Q

adventitious embryony (eg. citrus)

A

Normal meiosis, fertilization and embryo development

Cells in the nucleus form embryos in the micropyle region

Grow into embryo sac of sexual embryo

One of the seedlings will be from the sexual cross, one will be clones of the original plant

76
Q

Stolons

A

Above ground stem, develops roots and shoots at nodes

77
Q

Rhizomes

A

Below ground stem, develops roots and shoots at the notes (ginger)

78
Q

Bulbs

A

Storage organs with compressed stem and thick, fleshy leaves (lily, onions)

79
Q

Corms

A

Compressed stem

Upper nodes develop shoots

Bottom nodes develop roots

New corms form around the original

80
Q

Tubers

A

Storage organs that can reproduce

Formed on stolons or rhizomes

81
Q

Garlic

A

Bulb is made up of cloves

Each clove grows into a new plant

Species has done this for so long it almost can not produce seed

82
Q

Grafting

A

Twigor bud grafted onto a plant. Bud wood

Stock plant: produces the root system

Sicon: Variety grafted onto

83
Q

In vitro propagation (tissue propagation)

A

Plants are totipotent

Single cells can be used to generate any kind of cell tissue, including the whole plant

84
Q

Domestication syndrom

A

Large fruit/ seed

Loss of seed dormancy

Loss of seed shattering

Uniform maturation

Reduction of bitterer flavours

Loss of seeds

85
Q

Teosinte

A

Small grain hard shell cover turned into corn

86
Q

Development of male gametophytes in stamen

A

Microsporocytes (in microsporangia) divide by meiosis (there are four haploid microspores, each one develops into a pollen grain)

87
Q

Development of the female gametophyte (embryo sac)

A

Megasporangium - large and diploid

Divide by meiosis and from 4 haploid but only one will survive

Divide to form the embryo sac

88
Q

Seed development

A

Each ovule develops into a seed, the ovary develops into a fruit

Huge energy drain. As the embryo reproducers they store resources

when the seed germinates, the embryo turns into s new sporophyte (which produces its own flowers and fruits)

In SOME species, they move from the endosperm to the cotyledon

89
Q

Epicotyl

A

Extends the stem above the surface

90
Q

Castor beans

A

Thick cotyledons and greater endosperm

91
Q

The debate… (unknown risks)

A

Transfers of allergens to food (no good evidence)

Could kill insects like caterpillars

Worries about genes escaping into weeds

92
Q

Genes escaping into weeds

A

Male sterility

GME transgenic crops (endosperm and embryo would form without fertilization)

Denigreer transgene into chloroplast DNA of the crop (this can not be transferred by pollen)

GME flowers not to open

93
Q

Dioecious

A

Distinct male and female parts

94
Q

Monoecious

A

Has male and female flowers

95
Q

Plant biotechnology and genetic engineering

A

Gene transfers can be down quickly and specifically without the need of an intermediate species

Transgenic organisms: Have been engineered to express a gene from another species

96
Q

Reducing world hunger

A

Biotechnology can make crop yields much large, without needing extra land

97
Q

Reducing fossil fuel dependancy

A

Fast growing plants (switch grass/ poplar) can help satisfy NRG needs

Polymers in cell walls would be broken into sugars in enzymatic reactions, fermented into alcohol and distilled to yield biofuels

98
Q

Heterosis (hybrid vigour)

A

The tendency of a crossbreed individual to show qualities better than both parents

99
Q

F1 hybrids

A

Crossing two inbread lines, maximizes heterosis

Plants are uniform

Corn: easy to hybridize, detassle corn you don’t want pollen from

100
Q

Pericap

A

Wall of ovary

101
Q

Zygote after double fertilization

A

Develops into a sporophyte embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves called cotyledons

102
Q

Stages of germination

A

1) Imbibition
2) Enzyme synthesis: Emzymes begin to digest the storage materials of the endosperm and nutrients are transferred to growing regions
3) Radicle emerges first: Hook forms above the ground

103
Q

Simple fruit

A

Developed from one or more carpels

104
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Developed from one or more carpels

105
Q

Parthenocarpy

A

Fruit develops in the absence of fertilization

106
Q

Epigenetic

A

Genome does not change

BIOL1050 (12 decks)

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