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LIFE SCIENCES > PLANT BIODIVERSITY > Flashcards

PLANT BIODIVERSITY Flashcards

1
Q

what adaptive traits do plants living on land need in order to survive

A
  1. presence or absence of water
  2. presence or absence of true roots, stems and leaves
  3. if they reproduce using spores or seeds
  4. presence or absence of fruit
  5. dependence of the plant on water for reproduction
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2
Q

what features are plants grouped into

A

divisions and sub-divisions

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3
Q

3 divisions of plants

A
  1. bryophytes
  2. ptedirophytes
  3. spermatophytes
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4
Q

two phases/generations to the life cycle of a moss plant

A
  1. a gametophyte generation that has male and femae organs which produce gametes(sexually) and water is needed
  2. a sporophyte generation where spores are produced(asexually)
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5
Q

function of calyptra

A

covers opening to capsule

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6
Q

function of capsule

A

produces spores

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7
Q

function of seta

A
  1. holds capsule in upright position allwing spores to be dispersed over a greater area
  2. conducts water and mineral salts to capsule
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8
Q

function of ‘‘leaf’’

A

is green so it manufactures food by photosynthesis

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9
Q

function of ‘‘stem’‘/axis

A

supports gametophyte

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10
Q

function of rhizoid(root)

A
  1. anchors plant to soil

2. absorbs water from soil

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11
Q

function of sporophyte

A

produces spores

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12
Q

function of leaf(frond)

A
  1. compound leaf with many pinnae
  2. cuticle and stomata are present
  3. sori present on the ventral surface of mature pinnae
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13
Q

function of root

A
  1. it is adventitious
  2. arises from rhizome
  3. functions as an anchorage and for absorption
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14
Q

function of young leaf

A
  1. tightly coiled and hairy whiich reduces transpiration

2. coiled leaf allows growing point to be produced

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15
Q

functon of stem

A
  1. underground horizontal stem known as a rhizome
  2. stores food
  3. covered by small, brown scale leaves which prevents water loss
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16
Q

two sub-groups spermatophytes are divided into

A
  1. gymnosperms

2. angiosperms

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17
Q

purpose of roots

A

gymnosperms have tap roots, stems and leaves as well as wel developed strengthening and conducting tissue is present and the plant itself can grow into a large tree(sporophyte)

18
Q

purpose of leaves

A

it minimises transpiration by

  1. reduced SA of the needle shaped leaves
  2. thick cuticle
  3. sunken stomata
19
Q

function of petals

A
  1. set of petals make a whorl called the corolla

2. brightly coloured to attract pollinating agents, namely, insects and birds

20
Q

function of stamen

A
  1. the set of stamens makes up the androcecium, which is the male whorl
  2. a stamen is made up of an anther and a filament, anther produces pollen
21
Q

function of sepal

A
  1. set of sepals forms the outermost whorl called the calyx
  2. sepals are green for photosynthesis
  3. protects the flower in the bud stage
22
Q

function of pedicel

A

is the flower stalk so therefore it supports the flower

23
Q

what does the stamen consist of

A
  1. anther

2. filament

24
Q

what does the pistil consist of

A
  1. stigma
  2. style
  3. ovary
  4. ovule
25
Q

function of pistil

A
  1. pistils make up the gynaecium(female whorl)
  2. ovules inside the ovary produce ova
  3. stigma is sticky or hairy to trapn pollen
26
Q

why do plants reproduce

A

the reproduce so that the offspring can be produced ensuring that the species does not become extinct

27
Q

2 types of reproduction

A
  1. asexual reproduction

2. sexual reproduction

28
Q

asexual reproduction

A

involves reproduction without the formation of gametes(sex cells)

29
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves fusion of sex cells(gametes)

30
Q

asexual reproduction in plants

A

offspringformed from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent as the process involves producing new structures or growing parts of plants by mitosis

31
Q

asexual reproduction by spores

A

plants like mosses and ferns dont form seeds and during their life cycle they reproduce both sexually and asexually. asexually by producing spores which germinate into gametophyte plants which matures and produces gametes. sexual reproduction then occursbbecause sperm fertilise ova

32
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction in plants

A
  1. only one plant is needed
  2. new plants are produced relatively quickly
  3. agents of pollination and seed dispersal are not required
  4. one can select a plant with desireable characteristics
33
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction in plants

A
  1. a weak parent plant will produce weak offspring since they’re alike genetically
  2. because of changes in the environment, the new plants may not survive since all offsprings are genetically alike
34
Q

sexual reproduction in angiosperms(flowering plants)

A

it involves the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote and a zygote develops into an embryo and after repeated mitosis an individual is formed

35
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. offspring are genetically different
  2. allows offspring to adapt to and evolve inn an ever-changing environment
  3. may lead to the formation of new species
36
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. a relatively slow process
  2. mutations may occur
  3. adult male and female organisms are required in order to produce gametes
37
Q

adaptation of flowers for pollination

A

pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma, when this occurs within the same flower its known as self-pollination and when it occurs between different flowers of the same species its known as cross pollination

38
Q

insect pollinated flowers

A
  1. are brightly coloured to attract insects
  2. have large petals for landing area
  3. have a scent or nectar to attract insects
  4. pollen grains are sticky and become attached easily to insects
  5. anthers are firmly attached so that they cant be broken by visiting insects
39
Q

bird pollinated flowers

A
  1. long and trumpet shaped
  2. usually red, orange or yellow
  3. are not scented
  4. produces nectar
40
Q

characteristics of wind pollinated flowers

A
  1. dont have brightly colored petals
  2. dont have a scent or produce nectar
  3. produce large amounts of pollen, increasing the chances of pollination
  4. pollen grains are light and float easily
  5. anthers are large and hang out the flowers allowing pollen grains to be carried easily by wind
  6. stigmas are large and feathery which easily trap pollen grains

LIFE SCIENCES (11 decks)

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