ANIMAL NUTRITION

Question 1

function of digestive system

Answer 1

is responsible for breaking down complex molecules into their simplest forms to be absorbed into the body to sustain life

Question 2

what the digestive system made up of

Answer 2

1. alimentary canal(tube from mouth to anus)

2. accessory organs(aid in digestive process)

Question 3

5 stages of nutrition

Answer 3

1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. assimilation
5. egestion

Question 4

ingestion

Answer 4

process of taking food into digestive system/ mouth

Question 5

function of ingestion

Answer 5

ensures the intake of energy(cell respiration)and vitamins and minerals

Question 6

digestion

Answer 6

where food is broken down from large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules to be absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 7

function of digestion

Answer 7

to release necessary nutrients found in food

Question 8

absorption

Answer 8

nutrients pass through the villi of small intestine(diffusion and active absorption) into the bloodstream

Question 9

function of absorption

Answer 9

to absorb the necessary nutrients needed for body functions

Question 10

assimilation

Answer 10

soluble nutrients diffuses from blood into cells and are used to make new cells or cellular structures and release energy (ATP) in the nutrients like glucose

Question 11

function of assimilation

Answer 11

to ensure metabolic processes

Question 12

egestion

Answer 12

to remove faeces(undigested food)

Question 13

function of egestion

Answer 13

to remove undigested food from the body to prevent toxicity

Question 14

difference between egestion and excretion

Answer 14

excretion is the act of getting rid of metabolic waste products whereas egestion is the process of getting rid of undigested food

Question 15

2 types of digestion

Answer 15

1. mechanical digestion

2. chemical digestion

Question 16

mechanical digestion

Answer 16

is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles, by chewing in the mouth and by churning movements in stomach

Question 17

chemical digestion

Answer 17

the breaking down of large food compounds into smaller food compounds using digestive enzymes

Question 18

enzymes

Answer 18

molecules that act as a catalyst

Question 19

3 kinds of enzymes

Answer 19

1. carbohydrases
2. proteases
3. lipases

Question 20

where carbohydrases are produced

Answer 20

1. saliva
2. pancreatic juices
3. intestinal juices

Question 21

where proteases are produced

Answer 21

1. stomach
2. pancreatic juices
3. intestinal juices

Question 22

where lipases are produced

Answer 22

1. pancreatic juices

2. intestinal juices

Question 23

substrate of carbohydrases

Answer 23

carbohydrates only(starch)

Question 24

substrate of proteases

Answer 24

proteins only

Question 25

substrate of lipases

Answer 25

lipids only(fats and oil)

Question 26

preferred pH of carbohydrases

Answer 26

slightly alkaline

Question 27

preferred pH of proteases

Answer 27

1. acidic in stomach | 2. alkaline in small intestine

Question 28

preferred pH of lipases

Answer 28

slightly alkaline

Question 29

end product of carbohydrases

Answer 29

glucose

Question 30

end product of proteases

Answer 30

amino acids

Question 31

end product of lipases

Answer 31

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 32

what's amylase

Answer 32

secreted in saliva and breaks down carbohydrates

Question 33

function of tongue

Answer 33

1. mixes food with saliva 2. aids in taste 3. aids in swallowing

Question 34

function of teeth

Answer 34

where food is broken down into smaller pieces

Question 35

function of salivary glands

Answer 35

1. pH of 7.2 2. is antiseptic to prevent the growth of micro-organisms 3. lubricates the food bolus 4. amylase breaks down carbs

Question 36

function of oesophagus

Answer 36

transports food to stomach by means of peristalsis

Question 37

function of stomach

Answer 37

produces hydrochloric acid which activates enzymes like pepsin to break down proteins to peptides

Question 38

function of liver

Answer 38

1. produces bile 2. stores glucose in the form of glycogen 3. deamination of amino acids occurs 4. detoxifies alcohol 5. stores iron, vit A and D

Question 39

function of pancreas

Answer 39

1. endocrine function: SECRETES HORMONES like insulin and glucagon 2. exocrine function: EXCRETES ENZYEMES like amylase and lipase

Question 40

function of gallbladder

Answer 40

stores bile

Question 41

functions of hepatic portal vein

Answer 41

is the blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver

Question 42

function of the colon

Answer 42

reabsorbs water and nutrients

Question 43

function of small intestine

Answer 43

breaking down of enzymes

Question 44

bile functions

Answer 44

1. emulsifies large fat globules into small fat droplets which aids digestion 2. neutralises the acidic fluid(chyme) which comes from the stomach 3. promotes peristalsis in small intestine 4. acts as an antiseptic, preventing the decay of food particles in the small intestine

Question 45

what's peristalsis

Answer 45

process where food is moved through the digestive system by the rythmic contraction and relaxation of circular muscles along the alimentary canal

Question 46

what triggers peristalsis(reflex action) to occur?

Answer 46

the presence of the food in the alimentary canal

Question 47

how is the small intestine adapted for its function?

Answer 47

1. many folds and villi create a large SA for max absorption 2. epithelium is one cell layer thick for easy diffusion 3. beaker and columnar epithelium cells secrete mucous to ensure moisture 4. thin blood capillaries and lacteal vessels ensure transportation 5. columnar epithelium cells have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active absorption of larger molecules

Question 48

function of epithelium cells in villi

Answer 48

1. one cell layer thick to increase the rate of diffusion. | 2. has micro-villi to increase SA for absorption

Question 49

function of goblet cells in villi

Answer 49

produces mucous

Question 50

function of blood capillaries in villi

Answer 50

1. absorbs glucose and amino acids(active); vitamins and minerals(active and passive); water(passive/osmosis)

Question 51

oxygenated blood enters

Answer 51

arteriole

Question 52

deoxygenated blood leaves

Answer 52

venule

Question 53

function of lacteal

Answer 53

transports fat: absorbs fatty acids and glycerol, transported by lymph system to left subclavian vein

Question 54

function of lymphatic vessel

Answer 54

lymphatic vessels forms part of the lymphatic system

Question 55

function of lymphatic system

Answer 55

absorbs fats from the digestive tract: lymph includes fluids from the intestines that contains fats and transports it to the bloodstream