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LIFE SCIENCES > ANIMAL NUTRITION > Flashcards

ANIMAL NUTRITION Flashcards

1
Q

function of digestive system

A

is responsible for breaking down complex molecules into their simplest forms to be absorbed into the body to sustain life

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2
Q

what the digestive system made up of

A
  1. alimentary canal(tube from mouth to anus)

2. accessory organs(aid in digestive process)

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3
Q

5 stages of nutrition

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. assimilation
  5. egestion
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4
Q

ingestion

A

process of taking food into digestive system/ mouth

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5
Q

function of ingestion

A

ensures the intake of energy(cell respiration)and vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

digestion

A

where food is broken down from large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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7
Q

function of digestion

A

to release necessary nutrients found in food

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8
Q

absorption

A

nutrients pass through the villi of small intestine(diffusion and active absorption) into the bloodstream

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9
Q

function of absorption

A

to absorb the necessary nutrients needed for body functions

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10
Q

assimilation

A

soluble nutrients diffuses from blood into cells and are used to make new cells or cellular structures and release energy (ATP) in the nutrients like glucose

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11
Q

function of assimilation

A

to ensure metabolic processes

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12
Q

egestion

A

to remove faeces(undigested food)

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13
Q

function of egestion

A

to remove undigested food from the body to prevent toxicity

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14
Q

difference between egestion and excretion

A

excretion is the act of getting rid of metabolic waste products whereas egestion is the process of getting rid of undigested food

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15
Q

2 types of digestion

A
  1. mechanical digestion

2. chemical digestion

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16
Q

mechanical digestion

A

is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles, by chewing in the mouth and by churning movements in stomach

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17
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breaking down of large food compounds into smaller food compounds using digestive enzymes

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18
Q

enzymes

A

molecules that act as a catalyst

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19
Q

3 kinds of enzymes

A
  1. carbohydrases
  2. proteases
  3. lipases
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20
Q

where carbohydrases are produced

A
  1. saliva
  2. pancreatic juices
  3. intestinal juices
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21
Q

where proteases are produced

A
  1. stomach
  2. pancreatic juices
  3. intestinal juices
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22
Q

where lipases are produced

A
  1. pancreatic juices

2. intestinal juices

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23
Q

substrate of carbohydrases

A

carbohydrates only(starch)

24
Q

substrate of proteases

A

proteins only

25
Q

substrate of lipases

A

lipids only(fats and oil)

26
Q

preferred pH of carbohydrases

A

slightly alkaline

27
Q

preferred pH of proteases

A
  1. acidic in stomach

2. alkaline in small intestine

28
Q

preferred pH of lipases

A

slightly alkaline

29
Q

end product of carbohydrases

A

glucose

30
Q

end product of proteases

A

amino acids

31
Q

end product of lipases

A

glycerol and fatty acids

32
Q

what’s amylase

A

secreted in saliva and breaks down carbohydrates

33
Q

function of tongue

A
  1. mixes food with saliva
  2. aids in taste
  3. aids in swallowing
34
Q

function of teeth

A

where food is broken down into smaller pieces

35
Q

function of salivary glands

A
  1. pH of 7.2
  2. is antiseptic to prevent the growth of micro-organisms
  3. lubricates the food bolus
  4. amylase breaks down carbs
36
Q

function of oesophagus

A

transports food to stomach by means of peristalsis

37
Q

function of stomach

A

produces hydrochloric acid which activates enzymes like pepsin to break down proteins to peptides

38
Q

function of liver

A
  1. produces bile
  2. stores glucose in the form of glycogen
  3. deamination of amino acids occurs
  4. detoxifies alcohol
  5. stores iron, vit A and D
39
Q

function of pancreas

A
  1. endocrine function: SECRETES HORMONES like insulin and glucagon
  2. exocrine function: EXCRETES ENZYEMES like amylase and lipase
40
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores bile

41
Q

functions of hepatic portal vein

A

is the blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver

42
Q

function of the colon

A

reabsorbs water and nutrients

43
Q

function of small intestine

A

breaking down of enzymes

44
Q

bile functions

A
  1. emulsifies large fat globules into small fat droplets which aids digestion
  2. neutralises the acidic fluid(chyme) which comes from the stomach
  3. promotes peristalsis in small intestine
  4. acts as an antiseptic, preventing the decay of food particles in the small intestine
45
Q

what’s peristalsis

A

process where food is moved through the digestive system by the rythmic contraction and relaxation of circular muscles along the alimentary canal

46
Q

what triggers peristalsis(reflex action) to occur?

A

the presence of the food in the alimentary canal

47
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for its function?

A
  1. many folds and villi create a large SA for max absorption
  2. epithelium is one cell layer thick for easy diffusion
  3. beaker and columnar epithelium cells secrete mucous to ensure moisture
  4. thin blood capillaries and lacteal vessels ensure transportation
  5. columnar epithelium cells have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active absorption of larger molecules
48
Q

function of epithelium cells in villi

A
  1. one cell layer thick to increase the rate of diffusion.

2. has micro-villi to increase SA for absorption

49
Q

function of goblet cells in villi

A

produces mucous

50
Q

function of blood capillaries in villi

A
  1. absorbs glucose and amino acids(active); vitamins and minerals(active and passive); water(passive/osmosis)
51
Q

oxygenated blood enters

A

arteriole

52
Q

deoxygenated blood leaves

A

venule

53
Q

function of lacteal

A

transports fat: absorbs fatty acids and glycerol, transported by lymph system to left subclavian vein

54
Q

function of lymphatic vessel

A

lymphatic vessels forms part of the lymphatic system

55
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

absorbs fats from the digestive tract: lymph includes fluids from the intestines that contains fats and transports it to the bloodstream

LIFE SCIENCES (11 decks)

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