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Plant Systematics > Plant anatomy > Flashcards

Plant anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Vegetative morphology

A

refers to all non-reproductive parts of a plant

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2
Q

How many species of green plants are there?

A

500,000

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3
Q

Who was the first to develop a nomenclatural system? What was it called?

A

-Linnaeus
-Species Plantarum

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4
Q

Tree and shrub are a gradation of aborecent habits with a ____.

A

woody stem

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5
Q

What’s the difference between a tree and a shrub?

A

an arbitrary decision on size

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6
Q

What makes a woody plant?

A

its ability to undergo secondary growth in the vascular cambium

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7
Q

What are the layers of xylem/phloem in a woody plant from center outwards? Whats in between them?

A

primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem

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8
Q

What defines an herb? How common are they?

A

-a diverse assemblage of non-woody habits
-most plants are herbs

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9
Q

Vines

A

a general term for any climbing plant, can be woody or herbaceous

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10
Q

Lianas (where are they common)?

A

-a subset of vine which is always woody
-tropics

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11
Q

Perennial (what classes does this include?)

A

-long lived
-all woody plants & many herbs

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12
Q

Annual (what classes does this include?)

A

-lifespan of ~1 year
-includes many herbs, but no woody plants

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13
Q

Biannual

A

lifespan ~2 years

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14
Q

How can you tell if an herb is an annual or perennial?

A

root system/rhizome

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15
Q

Are annuals or perennials more common?

A

annuals

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16
Q

Taproot

A

Primary root system derived from the root radicle. Usually there is one, large root axis.

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17
Q

Fibrous roots

A

roots that never undergo lateral growth

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18
Q

Adventitious roots

A

not derived from the radicle

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19
Q

Shoot

A

the entirety of an above ground growth (stem & leaf)

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20
Q

Are there different kinds of shoots?

A

Yes, they can differentiate into long and short based on internode length

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21
Q

Axillary buds

A

buds appearing in the leaf axils

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22
Q

Terminal buds

A

appear at the end of a shoot

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23
Q

Stipule

A

A leafy structure sometimes paired on either side of the leaf at the axils. Sometimes they dry up, fall off, & leave a scar behind.

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24
Q

Petiole

A

the stalk that joins the leaf to the stem

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25
Q

Pulvinus

A

an inflated portion at either the base of the petiole or the part that connects to the leaf

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26
Q

Blade

A

the leaf

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27
Q

Adaxial surface

A

upper side of the leaf

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28
Q

Abaxial surface

A

lower side of the leaf

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29
Q

Apex

A

point of the leaf

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30
Q

What does a leaf scar tell you?

A

-the plant is deciduous
-the shape can be indicative of species and the position of the leaf

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31
Q

What does the alternate leaf arrangement look like?

A

one leaf at each node, altering on either side of the stem

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32
Q

What does the opposite leaf arrangement look like?

A

two leaves at each node on opposite sides of the stem

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33
Q

What does the whorled leaf arrangement look like?

A

three or more leaves per node

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34
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

counting the rows of leaves

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35
Q

Even pinnate vs odd pinnate

A

Both have opposite leaf arrangement, with even ending the branch with two leaves and odd ending the branch with one terminal leaf.

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36
Q

Palmate

A

more than 3 leaflets attached at a single point

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37
Q

Trifoliolate

A

three leaflets attached at a single point

38
Q

Unifoliolate

A

one leaf on the end of a branch

39
Q

Twice pinnate (bipinnate)

A

a main stem with multiple other stems growing off of it as if they were leaves in a pinnate pattern

40
Q

What’s the most common type of leaf complexity?

A

simple

41
Q

Simple leaf

A

leaf not dissected to the midrib (can be highly dissected or lobed as long as it’s not fully dissected)

42
Q

Palmatifid

A

(palmately divided) with lobes cut palmately ¾ to almost completely to the midrib

43
Q

Pinnatifid

A

(pinnately divided) with lobes cut pinnately ¾ to almost completely to the midrib

44
Q

Lenticels

A

epidermal stem organs used for gas exchange

45
Q

What is the central portion of the stem called? What is its most common form?

A

-pith
-simple, solid

46
Q

Tendrils

A

any twining organ, can be derived from lots of different things

47
Q

Spines

A

modified leaves or leaf parts

48
Q

Prickles

A

epidermal outgrowths

49
Q

Thorns

A

modified shoots/stems

50
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of spines?

A

-grows at a node
-multiple stacked on each other (sometimes)

51
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of prickles?

A

grows between nodes

52
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of thorns?

A

grows out the axil of the leaf

53
Q

Isodiametric

A

veins that are all the same size

54
Q

Dichotomous

A

veins that split evenly in two

55
Q

Reticulate venation

A

tertiary venation that looks like city blocks

56
Q

Scalariform venation

A

tertiary venation that looks like a ladder

57
Q

Ovate

A

wide near base

58
Q

Obovate

A

wide near apex

59
Q

Elliptic

A

wide near middle

60
Q

Oblong

A

wide near middle with straight-ish sides

61
Q

Filiform

A

needle-like leaves

62
Q

Acute

A

leaf tip/base less than 90º

63
Q

Obtuse

A

leaf tip/base more than 90º

64
Q

Emarginate vs retuse

A

cleft at the leaf tip
wider cleft vs narrower cleft

65
Q

Attenuate vs acuminate

A

-slowly narrowing tip, curving in
-longer
-shorter

66
Q

Truncate

A

the apex is flattened

67
Q

Mucronate

A

the apex has a tiny hair-like appendage

68
Q

Peltate

A

the base is fused to itself, umbrella-like

69
Q

Cordate/lobate

A

-lobed at the base, heart-shaped
-lobate has deeper lobes than cordate

70
Q

Truncate

A

flattened at the base

71
Q

Decurrent

A

base of the leaf blends into the pediole

72
Q

Sagitate

A

Arrowhead shaped leaf

73
Q

Asymmetric

A

different on either side of the attachment point

74
Q

Entire

A

no teeth

75
Q

Serrate

A

teeth pointing in a direction

76
Q

Doubly serrate

A

the teeth have teeth

77
Q

Dentate

A

broad teeth that are more symmetrical than serrate

78
Q

Erose

A

nonsense margin

79
Q

Crenate

A

gentle, rounded teeth

80
Q

Undulate

A

wavy

81
Q

Revolute

A

curled over to the underside

82
Q

Glabrous

A

no hairs

83
Q

Glaucous

A

the blue-white waxy covering over succulents

84
Q

Stelle

A

star-shaped hairs

85
Q

Urticating

A

sharp hairs filled with irritating chemicals

86
Q

Peltate

A

umbrella-shaped, scale-like hairs

87
Q

Domatia

A

clusters of hairs in axis of veins

88
Q

Uncinate

A

recurved hair tips, hookers

89
Q

Stipitate glands

A

glands on a stalk

90
Q

Sessile glands

A

glands in the leaf

91
Q

Pellucid glands

A

glands in the mesophyll

92
Q

Multicellular glands

A

bigger glands that will commonly secrete sugar to attract ants for protection

Plant Systematics (11 decks)

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