All Families & Friends Flashcards
Identify the family:
-Alternate leaves
-Spiral phyllotaxy
-Cylindrical strobili
-Kidney shaped sporangia
-Homosporous
Lycopodiaceae
Identify the family:
-Alternate leaf arrangement
-Dimorphic
-4-ranked phyllotaxy
-Strobilli 4-sided
-Globose sporangia
-Heterosporous
Selaginellaceae
Identify the family:
-Terrestrial/Aquatic
-Compact stems
-Corm
-Leaves with air chambers
-Alternate leaf arrangement
-Spiral phyllotaxy
-Strobili absent
-Large sporangia at the base of the leaves
-Heterosporous
Isoetaceae
Identify the family:
-Epiphytic
-Roots absent
-Scale-like leaves
-3-loculed sporangia
-Homosporous
Psilotaceae
Identify the family:
-Leaves simple/compound
-Dimorphic
-Leaves divided into Sporophore and Trochophore
-Homosporous
Ophioglossaceae
Identify the family:
-Grooved stem with air canals and silica bodies
-Scale-like leaves
-Whorled leaf arrangement
-Spores with elaters
-Sporangiophores
-Homosporous
Equisetaceae
Identify this family:
-Compound leaves
-Dimorphic/ Partially dimorphic
-Absence of sori
-Dehisced sporangia look like pac-man
-Homosporous
Osmundaceae
Identify the family:
-Aquatic
-Compound leaves (4 leaflets)
-Sporangia aggregated into sporocarps
-Heterosporous
Marsileaceae
Identify the family:
-Aquatic
-Simple leaves, small hairs
-Microscopic sporangia
-Heterosporous
Salviniaceae
Identify the order:
-Compound leaves
-Homosporous
-Sori present
-Sporangia on leaf underside
-Annulus present
Polypodiales
Identify the genus:
-Diecious
-Coralloid roots
-Cataphylls
-Leaves pinnately compound
-Inverted omega pattern of vascular bundles in the petioles
-Female and male strobili
Cycads
Identify the family:
-Dioecious
-Habit: non-woody shrubs
-Pinnate leaves
-Single main vein per leaflet
-Cataphylls
-Microstrobili present and large, with numerous microsporangia
-No megastrobili,rather simple aggregations of megasporophylls at the apical meristem
Cycadaceae
Identify the family:
-Dioecious
-Habit: non-woody shrubs
-Pinnate leaves
-Multiple veins per leaflet
-Cataphylls
-Microstrobili present and large, with numerous microsporangia
-Mega sporangiate strobili
Zamiaceae
Identify the family:
-Dioecious
-Habit: deciduous trees
-Fan shaped leaves with dichotomous venation
-Short and long shoots
-Microstrobilus with many microsporophylls, very short-lived and deciduous
-Megastrobili consisting of only two ovules
Ginkgoaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:trees
-Highly resinous
-Leaves often borne in fascicles (short shoots)
-Microstrobili with 2 microsporagia on each microsporophyll
-“Mickeymouse” pollen
-Cones with 2 ovules per scale, ovules directed towards cone axis
-Seeds with wing
Pinaceae
What family has winged seedlings?
Pinaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:trees
-Leaves scale-like, often opposite, but varied
-Phyllotaxy often decussate
-Often many(>2) microsporangia on microsporophyll
-Often many ovules on each ovulate scale
Cupressaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:trees
-Dioecious
-Leaves typically broad (not needle-like)
-Cone highly reduced to a single seed
-Cone modified into a juicy epimatium for dispersal by vertebrates
Podocarpaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:trees
-Dioecious
-Seeds arillate
-Microsporophylls somewhat peltate
-Ovules solitary and lacking cones
Taxaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:trees with straight trunk
-Monoecious or dioecious
-Large microstrobili
-Usually with large cones
-One seed per ovulate scale and seeds very large
Araucariaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:lianas
-Dioecious
-Broad leaves with reticulate venation
-Strobili with mixed male and female structures
-Horizontal pedioles
Gnetaceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:shrubs
-Dioecious
-Stems tough and often glaucous
-Leaves opposite or whorled, reduced to scales
-Strobili small
-Micropylar tube
Ephedraceae
Identify the family:
-Habit:suffrutescent herb
-Dioecious
-Only produce cotyledons that continue to grow for hundreds of years
Welwitschiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: shrubs
* Dioecious
* Aggregate of drupes
Amborellaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: aquatic herbs
* Rhizomes
* Leaves with long petioles and floating blades
* Many petaloid stamens
(staminodes) that look
like tepals
* Fused carpels in a ring
* Roots with transverse air spaces
Nymphaeaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: shrubs, vines
* Spiral phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate
* Often smelling of anise (licorice)
* Solitary flowers
* Follicles in a single whorl in Illicium (resembling a crown)
* Unorganized tepals
Schisandraceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs
* Spiral phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate
* Stipules encircling stem
* Fuzzy buds
* Solitary, terminal flowers
* Aggregate of samaras
* Aggregate of follicles
* Elongated receptacle
* Crest-shaped stigmas
Magnoliaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees
* 2-ranked phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate, often obovate with a drip tip
* 3 whorls of tepals, outermost sepal-like
* Ball of stamens
* Seeds with ruminate endosperm
* Aggregate of berries
* Often pollinated by beetles
Annonaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs
* Etherial oils prominent, spicy
* Stems remaining green unusually long
* Spiral phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate
* Inflorescences present
* Flowers small, usually with 6 tepals, nectar glands
* Stamens dehiscing byf laps
* Drupes subtended by cupules
* Plinervy
* Anthers dehiscing by flaps, with thickened connective tissue
Lauraceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, many epiphytic
* Stem often with scattered vascular bundles
* Sheathing petioles
* Leaf bases often asymmetric, palmate venation
* Spikes with tiny, inconspicuous flowers
* Peperomia
Piperaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs or lianas
* Flowers large and showy
* Sepals (tepals) showy, often fused into a long and zygomorphic tube
* Stamens often fused to the style = gynostemium or column
* Capsule with winged seeds
Aristolochiaceae
Name the family:
* Herbs (rarely vines)
* Leaves often compound or finely dissected
* Usually 5 sepals and petals, many stamens, many distinct carpels
* Spurs sometimes present
* Fruits variable but typically aggregates of follicles and achenes
Ranunculaceae
Name the family:
* Herbs or shrubs
* Leaves dissected or compound
* Yellow wood (from berberine)
* Single carpel
* Berry
* Flower often white or yellowish and single carpel
Berberidaceae
Name the family:
* Herbs
* Laticifers
* Leaves usually lobed or dissected
* Sepals usually 2 & deciduous
* 2 carpels (but can be many)
* Capsules
Papaveraceae
Name the family:
* Trees
* Flaky bark
* Leaves palmately lobed
* Inflorescences globose heads, with many flowers
* Flowers imperfect (separate male and
female)
* 2 carpels (but can be many)
* Achenes subtended by long bristles
Plantaceae
Name the family:
* Herbs
* Leaves usually simple, palmate venation, & toothy
* No stipules
* Hypanthium
* Usually 2 carpels, fused
with remnant styles (capsules)
Saxifragaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: succulent herbs
* CAM
* Leaves usually simple, opposite or alternate
* Some make plantlets on the margins of leaves
* Sepals and petals fused or not
* Usually 5c arpels, NOT fused with remnant styles (follicles)
Crassulaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: small trees
* Leaves 2-ranked, simple, pinnate venation, & crenate/serrate
* Hairs stellate
* Petals may be long, strap-shaped
* Usually 2 carpels, fused with remnant styles (capsules)
Hamamelidaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees
* Leaves usually palmately lobed and serrate
* Wind-pollinated, flowers not showy
* Separate male and female inflorescences
* Multiple of capsules
* Remnant style branches
Altingiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: lianas
* Stem with swollen nodes
* Leaves often lobed and toothed
* Leaf-opposed tendrils
* Inflorescences highly branched
* Petals deciduous as a “cap”
* Stamens opposite the petals
* Berry, distinctive seeds
Vitaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs, herbs
* Leaves sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade
* Laticifers
* Showy bracts common
* Flowers often highly reduced, unisexual
* Ovaries 3-carpellate,3 styles (each bifid), 1 seed per locule
* Schizocarps
Euphorbiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs
* Often found in wetland margins
* Leaves with salicoid teeth
* Tropical members with showy flowers
* Temperate members with long, dangly inflorescences, capsules and comose (fluffy) seeds
Salicaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, trees
* Flowers zygomorphic
* Short filaments, anthers tightly wrapped around the gynoecium
* Stamen forming a special nectar-secreting appendage in spur
* 3 carpels, capsule
Violaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, shrubs
* Pellucid dots in leaves
* Leaves opposite
* Cymes common
* Showy,mostly yellow,4-to 5-merous perianths
* Many stamens
* 3 carpels, capsule
Hypericaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: vines (mostly), herbs
* Tendrils axillary
* Glands all over, esp.leaves
* Leaves deeply lobed
* Epicalyx
* Corona
* Stamens usually borne on a stalk with the gynoecium (called an androgynophore)
* 3 carpels fused in the ovary, but distinct styles!
* Berry
Passifloraceae
Name the family:
* Monophyletic
* Habit: herbs,shrubs, trees, vines
* Leaves alternate, almost always pinnate, with large stipules (and stiples) and pulvini (and pulvinuli)
* Flowers showy
* Ovaries 1-carpellate
* Legumes
Fabaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: mostly herbs, but also shrubs, trees, vines
* Roots with methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
* Leaves simple
* Sepals 5,dimorphic
* Often 1 fimbriate petal, 2
smaller ones
* Stamens dehiscing by pores
* Ovaries 2-carpellate,seeds
arillate or with hairs
* Capsules, rarely samaras or
berries
Polygalaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, sometimes trees
* Leaves compound (“clover” leaves)
* Flowers showy, often with differential orientation of androecium and gynoecium (distyly & tristyly)
* Ovaries 5-carpellate
* Capsules(seeds dispersed ballistically), rarely berries
Oxalidaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, shrubs, trees, vines
* Simple or compound leaves, usually with prominent stipules and teeth
* Epicalyx rarely present
* Hypanthium present
* Many stamens
* Carpel number and ovary position variable
* Fruits highly variable
* Prominent stipules
* Compound leaves with teeth
Rosaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs
* Milky latex
* Leaves simple, variously lobed
* Prominent stipules,usually
encircling the stem
* Stamens opposite the tepals
* Drupes or achenes, sometimes associated with juicy tepals
* Flowers sometimes borne within a synconium
Moraceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees mostly, rarely vines or herbs
* Leaves mostly 2-ranked, simple, several primary veins smoothly arching, toothy, with asymmetric bases
* Prominent stipules
* Flowers minute, imperfect (male or female)
* Fruits often drupes
Cannabaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: mostly shrubs, but herbs, trees, vines
* Simple,opposite leaves
* “Checkerboard” venation
* Inflorescences often cymes
* Flowers with a hypanthium
* Anthers dehiscing by pores, connective expanded
* Ovaries inferior, capsules or berries
Melastomataceae
Name the family:
* Habit: mostly herbs, sometimes shrubs, trees
* Leaves alternate or opposite
* Flowers with a hypanthium
* Sepals and petals 4
* Pollen with viscin threads
* Four carpels
Onagraceae
Name the family:
* Trees
* Hairs commonly stellate
* Leaves marcescent, simple, but with
teeth/lobes
* Catkins (inflorescences with imperfect flowers assoc. with wind pollination)
* Nuts with bracts/cupules and/or scales
* Auxiliary female flowers
Fagaceae
Name the family:
* Trees
* Leaves simple, but with teeth/lobes (doubly serrate)
* Catkins (inflorescences
with imperfect flowers assoc. with wind pollination)
* Nuts or samaras with bract
Betulaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, rarely shrubs
* Glucosinolates!
* Sepals and petals 4 (“cruciferous”)
* Stamens 4+2
(tetradynamous)
* Siliques/silicles (capsule with false septum, and a thickened placenta = replum)
Brassicaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, trees, shrubs, vines
* Leaves simple (rarely palmately comp.), with palmate venation, stipules conspicuous
* Mucilage
* Stellate hairs
* Stamens fused (intotube,
or monodelphous), pollen echinate
* Usually capsules,follicles,
or schizocarps
* Epicalyx
Malvaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees,shrubs, vines
* Compound leaves with no stipules (simple in Acer)
* Prominent nectar disk
* Flowers varied
* Fruits varied(but not drupes)
Sapindaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs
* Resin
* Alternate, pinnately compound leaves, no stipules
* Flowers with large nectar disks
* Drupe
Anacardiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Lack betalains
* Opposite leaves
* Swollen nodes
* “Sepals” fused
* “Petals” distinct, often
cleft, lobed, or “pinked”
* Free-central placentation
* Capsules
Caryophyllaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: succulent herb
* Opposite or alternate leaves
* Two sepaloid bracts OR two bract-like sepals?
* Circumscissile capsules with basal placentation
Portulacaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: succulent shrubs, trees
* Succulent stems
* Alternate leaves, spines
* Glochids
* Many tepals,many stamens
* Fruitus usually a berry, inferior (and buried in the stem!)
Cactaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, or rarely lianas
* Leaves opposite, but slightly different in size, soft herbaceous
* Single whorl of tepals forming a tube, with apices cleft and with fold lines
Nyctaginaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, rarely trees, shrubs or vines
* Ochrea (sheathing leaf base ABOVE the node)
* 5 or 6 tepals
* Achene(often with fleshy or winged accessory tissue)
Polygonaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: carnivorous herbs
* Leaves covered in glandular hairs, circinate vernation
Droseraceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees
* Leaves usually opposite
* Smooth arching
secondary veins
* “The dogwood test”
* Inferior ovaries
* Drupes with ridged endocarps
Cornaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees
* Leaves simple, opposite or alternate
* Sometimes with laticifers
* Drupe
* Possibly the most boring plants on earth
Nyssaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: mostly herbs, sometimes shrubs
* Resin canals red or black in color (causing lines or dots)
* Stamens opposite petals
* Capsules or drupes
Primulaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: usually shrubs, sometimes trees or herbs
* Corolla urceolate (urn shaped)
* Anthers dehiscing by pores, sometimes with appendages
* Ovary position variable
* Capsules or berries
Ericaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: carnivorous herbs
* Leaves tubular
* Flowers very large and showy
* Umbrella-shaped style
Sarraceniaceae
Name the family:
* Fleshy herbs
* Nodes swollen
* Leaves simple, alternate, serrate
* Flower resupinate, zygomorphic and showy
* Sepals 3: one modified into a spur, other two small
* Stamens fused forming a cap over the gynoecium
* Capsules
Balsaminaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Leaves often lobed or highly dissected
* Glandular and/or branched hairs covering leaves
* Petals tubular and with fold lines
* Stamens often opening by pores
* Berries
Solanaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: usually vines or herbs
* No tendrils, twining
* Leaves often lobed
* Milky latex
* Petals tubular and with fold lines
* Capsules (splitting along 4 lines, despite 2 carpels)
Convolvulaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs or small trees
* Leaves simple and alternate
* Large cystoliths at base of hairs giving rough texture (scabrous)
* Scorpioid cymes
* Gynobasic style
* Fruits highly variable
Boraginaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: all, mostly herbs or shrubs
* Leaves simple and opposite or whorled
* Interpetiolar stipules
* Inferior ovaries
* Fruits variable, but often berries
Rubiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: all
* Milky sap (dangerous alkaloids)
* Leaves simple and opposite or whorled
* Corona
* Pollen aggregated into pollinia in some taxa
* Style expanded into a head
* Follicles
Apocynaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees and shrubs
* Leaves simple with small, triangular stipules
* Flowers unisexual,small and white (plants dioecious)
* Stigma sessile on ovary (no style)
* Fruit drupe
Aquifoliaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, shrubs, trees, vines
* Leaves opposite, no stipules
* Flowers zygomorphic
* Style elongate, stigma
capitate
* Fruits various
Caprifoliaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees
* Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate
* Four sepals + petals
* Only 2 stamens
* Fruits usually drupes, but rarely samaras
Oleaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, rarely shrubs
* Stem rounded, not square in cross section
* Leaves often alternate
* Weakly bilabiate corolla
* Lacking a spur
* Usually capsules
Scrophulariaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: usually herbs
* Round stems, not square
* No fragrant oils
* Two major floral morphologies:
* Flowers strongly bilabiate, often with a
spur
* Perianth reduced and wind pollinated
* Capsules
Plantaginaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Hemiparasites (green) and holoparasites (no color)
* Flowers weekly zygomorphic
* Capsules
* Plants dry black
* 2+2 stamens
Orobanchaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, shrubs
* Opposite leaves, square stems
* Sometimes with fragrant oils
* Flowers often in tight, cymose clusters
* Strongly bilabiate corollas
* Style gynobasic,with gracile, asymmetrical branches
* 4 nutlets
* 4 stamens (2+2)
Lamiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, shrubs, lianas, trees
* Opposite leaves, square stems
* Sometimes with fragrant oils
* Weakly bilabiate corolla
* Style gynoterminal,with thick, symmetrical branches
* Capsules or berries
Verbenaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs or lianas
* Opposite, usually compound leaves
* Strongly bilabiate
* Elongate capsules
* Seeds with papery wings
Bignoniaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, sometimes aquatic
* Carnivorous (glandular hairs, or traps)
* Strongly bilabiate corolla, usually with a spur
* Stamens 2
Lentibulariaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Usually with strong resinous aromatic
compounds
* Alternate, compound leaves, sheathing leaf base
* Umbels( often compound)
* Sterile, showy flowers sometimes present
* Stylopodium
Apiaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, shrubs
* Alternate, simple leaves
* Milky latex
* Flowers actinomorphic (Campanuloideae) or zygomorphic (Lobelioideae)
* Secondary pollen presentation
* Inferior ovary, with 2-3 carpels
Campanulaceae
Name the family:
* Variable in habit
* Anthers are fused around, but not to the style branches
* Secondary pollen presentation
* Phyllaries
* Capitula (heads) variable (ligulate, radiate, or discoid)
* Flowers variable (ligules,rays,
or discs)
* Calyx is called pappus
Asteraceae
Name the family:
* Habit: “Trees”
* Compound leaves
* Large inflorescences, sometimes associated with spathes
* Drupes
Arecaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, vines or floating aquatics
* If herbaceous, stems corms
* Milky sap (sometimes)
* Leaves with primary vein and usually
reticulate secondaries
* Minute flowers
* Spathe and spadix
* Berries
Araceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Usually aquatic
* Milky sap
* Many stamens/carpels
* Flowers showy and usually unisexual
* 3 sepals
Alismataceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs with rhizomes, often with aromatic compounds
* Leaves two ranked, ligulate
* Flowers zygomorphic
* Labellum
* Single fertile stamen
* Inferior ovary
* Ligule
* Parallel venation
Zingiberaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Leaves with closed sheaths
* Spathes often present
* Flowers usually strongly zygomorphic
* Petals deliquescent
* Stamens covered in moniliform hairs
Commelinaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, usually with bulbs
* Large showy flowers
* No fusion of tepals and stamens
* Superior ovary
* Capsules
Liliaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: vines with large rhizomes
* Often with prickles
* Leaves with large paired tendrils
* Umbels
* Small, green, unisexual flowers (dioecious)
* No fusion of tepals and stamens
* Superior ovary
* Berries
Smilacaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs with bulbs
* Umbels
* “hypanthium”
* Corona (sometimes)
* 6 stamens
* Inferior ovary
* Capsules
* Seeds black (phytomelan)
Amaryllidaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs with bulbs
* Sulphur containing compounds
* Umbels
* Very short “hypanthium”
* Corona (sometimes)
* 6 stamens
* Superior ovary
* Capsules
* Black seeds
Alliaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs or “trees”
* Arid adadapted (or not)
* Racemes or panicles
* 6 epipetalous stamens
* Inferior or superior ovary
* Capsules
Agavaceae
Name the family:
* Habit: herbs
* Small, linear leaves
* Racemes or panicles
* 6 epipetalous stamens
* Superior ovary
* Berries
Asparagaceae
