Angiosperms & Floral Morphology Flashcards
What are the three types of fruits angiosperms use for reproduction?
fleshy, winged, exozoochorous
Exozoochorous
grabs onto animals for dispersion
How many integuments does the ovule of a flowering plant have?
two
Carpel
How many cells & nuclei are in the megagametophyte?
7 cells; 8 nuclei
How many cells is the male gametophyte?
2-3
What 3 traits do we see in wind pollinated plants?
-floral reduction
-large, feathery styles
-large anthers
What 4 traits do we see in bird pollination?
-brightly colored flowers
-long and tubular
-no fragrance
-lots of nectar
What 4 traits do we see in bat pollination?
-white flowers
-open, robust flowers
-fragrant at night
-lots of nectar
What 3 traits do we see in beetle pollination?
-beetles eat the pollen
-fragrant
-closed chambers
What 3 traits do we see in bee pollination?
-zygomorphic flower
-fragrant
-landing platform with nectar guides
What 2 traits do we see in butterfly pollination?
-brightly colored tubular flowers
-landing platform
What two traits do we see in fly pollination?
-rotting smell
-darkly colored
Pseudocopulation pollination
When a flower produces imitation sex pheromones/flower parts to entice male pollinators.
What is Darwin’s “Abominable Mystery”?
Why did angiosperms suddenly appear in the fossil record?
When does the fossil record place angiosperms?
~132 MYA
Where do Bennettitales, Glossopteridales, & Caytoniales fit into the fossil record?
in the 200 MY gap between gymnosperms and angiosperms
Calyx
All the sepals, 1st whorl
Corolla
All the petals, 2nd whorl
Androecium
All the stamen, 3rd whorl
Gynoecium
All the carpel, 4th whorl
Tepal
One or more whorls of sepals or petals that look identical
Corona
An extra whorl between the petals and stamens; you can tell them apart from the tepals because they look remarkably different.
Carpel
consists of stigma, style, & ovary
Stigma
specialized surface for pollen reception & germination
Ovary
contains ovules which develop into seeds after germination
Style
the leftover tissue between the stigma and the ovary (stalk through which the pollen tubes/microgametophytes grow)
Bisexual (perfect) flowers
have stamens & carpels
Imperfect flowers
have either stamens OR carpels
Staminate
a flower with just stamens
Carpellate
a flower with just carpels
Hypanthium
fusion of petals, sepals, & stamen into a cup
Zygomorphic
one plane of symmetry
Actinomorphic
multiple planes of symmetry
Pedicel
Stalk on which the flower sits
What are the two parts of the stamen?
Anthers: make the pollen
Filaments: stalk for the anther
What is it called when the stamen is reduced? Explain the morphology.
When the stamen is reduced it’s called a microsporophyll. It contains several microsporangia, which are the sacs of the anther. They produce microspores.
Stamenoids
sterile stamen
What did carpels evolve from?
megasporophylls
Placenta
surrounds the ovule, providing nutrition
Ovary wall
protective structure that will become a fruit
Locule
chamber of an individual carpel, contains the ovules
Septum
remnants of the ovary wall from the fusion of 2 or more carpels
Superior ovary
Sepals, petals, and stamens attached to receptacle at base of ovary.
Inferior ovary
Sepals, petals, and stamens appear attached at top of ovary.
Parietal
multiple carpels in one locule
Axile
one carpel in each locule
