History, Taxonomy, & Phylogenetics Flashcards
Collateral buds
to the sides of the main bud
Superposed buds
stacked on top of each other
Valvate
edges meet exactly without overlap
Imbricate
overlapping (of edges)
What are the 4 types of pith? What do they look like?
homogeneous, chambered, diaphragmed, hollow
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the ending for phylum?
-phyta
What is the ending for class?
-opsida
What is the ending for order?
-ales
What is the ending for family?
-aceae
What is the plural of genus?
genera
What are the endings for specific epithets of different genders?
masculine: -us
feminine: -a
neuter: -um
Autonym
When a subspecific taxon is named, another subspecific taxon of
the same rank is automatically created that repeats the name of the species
Synonyms
The same taxon that has been described and named more than once
Homonyms
the same name being used for more than one taxon
Holotype
the specimen upon which the name is based
Isotype
duplicate specimen of the holotype
Lectotype
a specimen chosen by a later researcher as if it were the holotype
Paratype
additional specimens cited in the description
What does ICN stand for?
International Code of Nomenclature
Systematics
the study of organismal diversity, and the relationships
among living things through time (evolutionary history)
Taxonomy
the science of defining (or classifying) lineages that
share characteristics of evolutionary significance
Nomenclature
a system of names for organisms
What do each of these approaches to classification mean?
Utilitarian
Form
Artificial
Natural
Phylogenetic
Utilitarian: uses
Form: habit of plant
Artificial: a few obvious characteristics
Natural: overall resemblances
Phylogenetic: evolutionary
Dioscorides
Materia Medica: a medical treatise on
the use of plants in medicine
Theophrastus
a book grouping plants based on form (habit)
What would Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum be classified as?
artificial, because it relies on a few key characteristics
What did Jussieu do?
described a large number of families using the ‘natural’ method
Giseke
genealogical-geographical map
Asa Gray
First prominent North American
systematist. Major player in plant taxonomy.
Darwin
Theory of evolution
Bessey
made “bessy’s cactus” which was a novel phylogenetic tree
Cronquist & Takhtajan
Explored phylogenetics in the 1980’s
Dahlgren
created bubble like diagrams called dahlgrenograms, which were based in phylogenetics
Hennig & Wagner
developed objective phylogenetic tools
Dioscorides
Type
Utilitarian (Uses)
Herbalists
Utilitarian (Uses)
Theophrastus
Type
Form (habit of plant)
Linnaeus
Type
Artificial (few obvious characters)
Jussieu
Type
Natural (overall resemblances)
Cronquist & Takhtajan
Type
Phylogenetic (pre-molecular, intuitive evolutionary ideas)
Bessey
Type
Phylogenetic (pre-molecular, intuitive evolutionary ideas)
When was species plantarum written?
1753
What did Linnaeus standardize?
synonomy
Who developed a wide array of morphological terms?
Linnaeus
George French
First SIU herbarium curator
How many specimens are in the SIU herbarium?
~100,000
polyphyletic
a group that does not contain all the descendants of a common ancestor (included ancestors not in a row/randomly selected)
paraphyletic
a polyphyletic group containing a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants (all included ancestors in a row)
Apomorphy
derived character trait
Plesiomorphy
ancestral character state
Synapomorphy
a shared, derived character trait
Autapomorphy
a unique, derived character trait
Homoplasy
the parallel or convergent evolution of a character trait (trait evolved multiple times, separately)
Morphological species concept
most commonly used, this relies
on morphological distinctiveness
Biological species concept
a group of potentially interbreeding
individuals which are reproductively isolated from other such
groups
Phylogenetic species concept
a monophyletic group as diagnosed
by phylogenetic analysis
Phenetic/Collateral method conveys relationships based on ____.
similarity
The maximum likelihood method conveys relationships based on ____.
models of evolution
Phenogram
an analysis tree based on shared/similar traits
Transitions
changing from pyrimidine <-> pyrimidine or purine <-> purine
Transversions
changing from pyrimidine <-> purine
The parsimony method conveys relationships based on ____.
Occam’s razor (the simplest explanation is usually correct)
