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Plant Systematics > History, Taxonomy, & Phylogenetics > Flashcards

History, Taxonomy, & Phylogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Collateral buds

A

to the sides of the main bud

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2
Q

Superposed buds

A

stacked on top of each other

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3
Q

Valvate

A

edges meet exactly without overlap

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4
Q

Imbricate

A

overlapping (of edges)

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of pith? What do they look like?

A

homogeneous, chambered, diaphragmed, hollow

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6
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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7
Q

What is the ending for phylum?

A

-phyta

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8
Q

What is the ending for class?

A

-opsida

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9
Q

What is the ending for order?

A

-ales

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10
Q

What is the ending for family?

A

-aceae

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11
Q

What is the plural of genus?

A

genera

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12
Q

What are the endings for specific epithets of different genders?

A

masculine: -us
feminine: -a
neuter: -um

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13
Q

Autonym

A

When a subspecific taxon is named, another subspecific taxon of
the same rank is automatically created that repeats the name of the species

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14
Q

Synonyms

A

The same taxon that has been described and named more than once

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15
Q

Homonyms

A

the same name being used for more than one taxon

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16
Q

Holotype

A

the specimen upon which the name is based

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17
Q

Isotype

A

duplicate specimen of the holotype

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18
Q

Lectotype

A

a specimen chosen by a later researcher as if it were the holotype

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19
Q

Paratype

A

additional specimens cited in the description

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20
Q

What does ICN stand for?

A

International Code of Nomenclature

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21
Q

Systematics

A

the study of organismal diversity, and the relationships
among living things through time (evolutionary history)

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22
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of defining (or classifying) lineages that
share characteristics of evolutionary significance

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23
Q

Nomenclature

A

a system of names for organisms

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24
Q

What do each of these approaches to classification mean?
Utilitarian
Form
Artificial
Natural
Phylogenetic

A

Utilitarian: uses
Form: habit of plant
Artificial: a few obvious characteristics
Natural: overall resemblances
Phylogenetic: evolutionary

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25
Q

Dioscorides

A

Materia Medica: a medical treatise on
the use of plants in medicine

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26
Q

Theophrastus

A

a book grouping plants based on form (habit)

27
Q

What would Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum be classified as?

A

artificial, because it relies on a few key characteristics

28
Q

What did Jussieu do?

A

described a large number of families using the ‘natural’ method

29
Q

Giseke

A

genealogical-geographical map

30
Q

Asa Gray

A

First prominent North American
systematist. Major player in plant taxonomy.

31
Q

Darwin

A

Theory of evolution

32
Q

Bessey

A

made “bessy’s cactus” which was a novel phylogenetic tree

33
Q

Cronquist & Takhtajan

A

Explored phylogenetics in the 1980’s

34
Q

Dahlgren

A

created bubble like diagrams called dahlgrenograms, which were based in phylogenetics

35
Q

Hennig & Wagner

A

developed objective phylogenetic tools

36
Q

Dioscorides

Type

A

Utilitarian (Uses)

37
Q

Herbalists

A

Utilitarian (Uses)

38
Q

Theophrastus

Type

A

Form (habit of plant)

39
Q

Linnaeus

Type

A

Artificial (few obvious characters)

40
Q

Jussieu

Type

A

Natural (overall resemblances)

41
Q

Cronquist & Takhtajan

Type

A

Phylogenetic (pre-molecular, intuitive evolutionary ideas)

42
Q

Bessey

Type

A

Phylogenetic (pre-molecular, intuitive evolutionary ideas)

43
Q

When was species plantarum written?

A

1753

44
Q

What did Linnaeus standardize?

A

synonomy

45
Q

Who developed a wide array of morphological terms?

A

Linnaeus

46
Q

George French

A

First SIU herbarium curator

47
Q

How many specimens are in the SIU herbarium?

A

~100,000

48
Q

polyphyletic

A

a group that does not contain all the descendants of a common ancestor (included ancestors not in a row/randomly selected)

49
Q

paraphyletic

A

a polyphyletic group containing a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants (all included ancestors in a row)

50
Q

Apomorphy

A

derived character trait

51
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

ancestral character state

52
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared, derived character trait

53
Q

Autapomorphy

A

a unique, derived character trait

54
Q

Homoplasy

A

the parallel or convergent evolution of a character trait (trait evolved multiple times, separately)

55
Q

Morphological species concept

A

most commonly used, this relies
on morphological distinctiveness

56
Q

Biological species concept

A

a group of potentially interbreeding
individuals which are reproductively isolated from other such
groups

57
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

a monophyletic group as diagnosed
by phylogenetic analysis

58
Q

Phenetic/Collateral method conveys relationships based on ____.

A

similarity

59
Q

The maximum likelihood method conveys relationships based on ____.

A

models of evolution

60
Q

Phenogram

A

an analysis tree based on shared/similar traits

61
Q

Transitions

A

changing from pyrimidine <-> pyrimidine or purine <-> purine

62
Q

Transversions

A

changing from pyrimidine <-> purine

63
Q

The parsimony method conveys relationships based on ____.

A

Occam’s razor (the simplest explanation is usually correct)

Plant Systematics (11 decks)

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