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Histo Block 4 > Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine glands that are influenced by the pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid gland
adrenal gland
testis
ovary

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2
Q

Other glands influenced by the pituitary

A

mammary gland
skeleton, muscle, and fat tissues
uterus
kidney

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3
Q

Embryological derivative of neurohypothesis

A

brain (neuroectoderm)

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4
Q

Embryological derivative of adenohypothesis

A

Epithelium Oral ectoderm (rathke’s pouch)

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5
Q

Components of the posterior lobe

A

pars intermedia

pars nervosa

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6
Q

components of anterior lobe

A

pars distalis

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the infundibulum

A

infundibulum stalk

median eminence

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8
Q

What part of the pituitary sits at the front of the organ

A

pars distalis

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9
Q

Location of pars tuberalis

A

sits over the infundibular stalk

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10
Q

(adeno-/Neurohypothesis) stains better

A

adenohypothesis

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11
Q

(adeno-/Neurohypothesis) is the secretary portion of the organ

A

adenohypothesis

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12
Q

2 different embryological origins of the organs explains the presence of what structure

A

rathke’s pouch

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13
Q

What attaches the pituitary gland to the brain

A

median eminence

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14
Q

what part of the brain is the pituitary gland attached to

A

hypothalymus

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15
Q

Which part(s) of the pituitary gland contain PAS positive cells

A

Pars intermedia and a few cells in the pars distalis

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16
Q

What are the 3 considerations to have in mind when you look at a section of the pituitary

A
  • Orientation of the organ when cut
  • level at which the organ was cut
  • Plane of sectioning (horizontal, saggital, etc)
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17
Q

What artery supplies the adenohypothesis

A

superior hypophyseal a.

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18
Q

What artery supplies the pars nervosa

A

inferior hypophyseal a.

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19
Q

What vein drains both the aden- and neruorhypothesis

A

inferior hypophyseal v.

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20
Q

What captures the releasing factors after they are made by the hypothalymus

A

capillary beds in the median eminence

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21
Q

How do the releasing factors get from the capillary bed in the median eminence to the sinusoids in the pars distalis

A

long and short portal veins

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22
Q

Releasing factors (promote/inhibit) hormone secretion by the pars distalis

A

both

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23
Q

What two hormones are released into the blood circulation by the pars nervosa

A

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

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24
Q

What artery forms the sinusoids in the pars nervosa

A

inferior hypophyseal a

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25
Q

Where are oxytocin and vasopressin delivered from in the pars nervosa

A

brain

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26
Q

How do oxytocin and vasopressin get into circulation

A

inferior hypophyseal v.

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27
Q

Know the HH portal system and HH tract

A

ok

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28
Q

What are the names of the 2 nuclei involved in the HH tract **(Double check)

A

periventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus

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29
Q

What are the names of the 2 nuclei involved in the HH portal system **(Double check)

A

preoptic area and arcuate nucleus

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30
Q

What structure separates groups of cells in the pars distalis

A

sinusoidal capillaries

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31
Q

Two distinct characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries

A

Lined by single layer of epithelium and are larger than true capillaries

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32
Q

The epithelium in sinusoidal capillaries found in the pars distills is…

A

fenestrated with diaphragms

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33
Q

Why is the epithelium in the sinusoidal capillaries fenestrated with diaphragms

A

to facilitate the uptake of pituitary hormone and transport it through the blood

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34
Q

3 types of cells in the pars distalis

A

chromophobs, basophils, and acidophils

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35
Q

Neumonic for hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

A 
FLAT PIG
F= FSH
L=LH
A=ACTH
T=TSH
P=Prolactin
I=Ignore
G=Growth hormone
36
Q

What hormones are secreted by the acidophil cells

A

GH and Prolactin

37
Q

What explains the different staining patterns we see between the acidophils, basophils, and chromophobs

A

contents in their secretion granules

38
Q

Do chromophob contain secretion granules?

A

no- thats why their cytoplasm is unstained

39
Q

Where are basophils commonly found in the pituitary

A

centrally

40
Q

Where are acidophils commonly found in the pituitary

A

laterally

41
Q

Where are chromophobs commonly found in the pituitary

A

in the pars intermedia

42
Q

What cell (acidophil/basophil/chromophob) stains with PAS in addition to H&E

A

basophil

43
Q

What is the name of the basophil cell that secretes TSH

A

Thyrotroph (makes sense because TSH=Thyroid stimulating hormone)

44
Q

What is the name of the basophil that releases ACTH

A

Corticotroph

45
Q

What is the name of the acidophil that releases growth hormone

A

Somatotroph

46
Q

What is the only cell that releases two hormones

A

gonadotroph

47
Q

What is the basophil that releases LH and FSH

A

Gonadotroph

48
Q

What is the acidophil that releases prolactin

A

mamotroph (makes sense because mammals lactate)

49
Q

List two examples of hybrid cells

A

mammosomatotroph and corticogonadotroph

50
Q

Hormones secreted by the mammosomatotroph

A

Prolactin and GH

51
Q

Hormones secreted by the corticognadotroph

A

FSH, LH, and ACTH

52
Q

List the 5 acidophil and basophil cells in order of granule size (largest to smallest)

A

mammotroph, sommatotroph, gonadotroph, corticotroph, and thyrotroph

53
Q

Distribution of the thyrotrophs

A

Central and in the front of the pars distalis (Anterior and medial)

54
Q

Distribution of the corticotroph

A

center behind the thyrotroph in the pars distills, pars intermedia, and border of pars nervosa

55
Q

Distribution of the gonadotroph

A

all throughout the pars distalis

56
Q

Distribution of the sommatotroph and mammotroph

A

Scattered along the lateral wings of the pars distalis

57
Q

The principle cells of the adenohypothesis are blank cells

A

secretory cells

58
Q

The principle cell in the neurohypothesis are blank type of cells

A

support cells (pituicytes)

59
Q

The neurohypothesis stains (well/poorly)

A

poorly

60
Q

What nuclei gives rises to oxytocin

A

periventricular nuceli

61
Q

which nuclei gives rise to vasopressin (ADH)

A

supraoptic nuclei

62
Q

Pituocytes are located between blank and have blank protruding from their cell bodies

A

unmyelinated axon nerve fibers, cytoplasmic processes

63
Q

Morphology of herring bodies

A

large, round acidophilic swellings of axons

64
Q

Function of herring bodies

A

Sites of hormone accumulation (storage site for hormones

65
Q

Endothelium in sinusoidal capillaries in the neurohypothesis is

A

fenestrated with diaphragms

66
Q

What are the types of vessicles present in the nerve fibers of the neurohpothesis

A

endocytotic vessicles

67
Q

What are the cellular contents present in the cells of the neurohypothesis

A

mitochondria, endocytotic vessicles, SER, microtubules, and microfilaments

68
Q

What contents are released from the nerve terminals in the neurohypothesis

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

69
Q

Visible morphologies of the pituicyte (2)

A

nuclei and cytoplasmic processes

70
Q

Compare the histology of an endocrine glands verses an exocrine

A

Exocrine: Organized into small round group of cells called an acini or elongated tubules. The secretions are carried via a duct.

Endocrine: Secretions are released into a capillary bed and carried by blood to target organ. Cells organized into round masses (islets) infiltrated with extensive capillary bed.

71
Q

Why does the paucity stain poorly

A

absence of secretion granules (neurohypothesis is not the secretory part of the organ)

72
Q

Two reasons why the neurohypothesis is poorly stained relative to the adenohyopthesis

A
  • presence of unmyelinated nerve fibers

- Pituicytes lack secretion granules

73
Q

The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system (HH portal system) is analogous to

A

the portal system in the liver (vein –> capillary bed –> vein)

74
Q

Sinusoids the the pars tubercles represent the distal ends of…

A

hypophyseal veins

75
Q

The infundibular stalk and pars tubercles are connected by

A

short sinusoids

76
Q

Why are sinusoidal capillaries of the pituitary gland refered to as false capillaries

A

Because they are larger than true capillaries (1 RBC in diameter)

77
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland

A

6

78
Q

Reasons why the chromophob cytoplasm does not stain

A
  • Lacks organelles (inactive cell)

- Doesn’t store hormone (secretes after synthesis)

79
Q

Does the chromophob nucleus stain?

A

Yes- very prominent

80
Q

What makes the arrangement of cells in the pituitary gland different from an acinus in exocrine glands

A

The cells are not oriented towards an acinar lumen, they are arranged such that they are in contact with a sinusoidal capillary

81
Q

Pituicytes are similar to blank cell

A

astrocyte

82
Q

The only part of the pitufcyte that stains is the…

A

nucleus

83
Q

What type of junctions form between pitufcyte processes

A

gap junctions and desmosomes

84
Q

Another role for the pituicyte other than support cells for the unmyelinated nerve fibers

A

Controls the movement of hormone (processes from pituicytes narrow the extracellular space to restrict hormone movement)

85
Q

describe the blood-brain barrier

A

continuous capillaries with hight auctions- prevents the passage of materials in the blood to the brain

86
Q

Since the neurohypothesis is derived from the brain, does the pars nervosa have the bold-brain barrier?

A

No the sinusoidal capillaries in the pars nervosa are fenestrated with diaphragms

87
Q

Describe the movement of vasopressin/oxytocin

A
  • Hormone is released from herring bodies
  • Hormone is released into the extracellular gap between the pitufcyte processes (may control the flow of hormone)
  • Hormone enters blood through fenestrations in the endothelium of the capillaries
  • Excess hormone in the extracellular space is removed by pituicytes by phagocytosis of the hormone

Histo Block 4 (7 decks)

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