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Histo Block 4 > Kidney II > Flashcards

Kidney II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the collecting ducts (in order)

A

arched collecting tubule
cortical collecting tubule
medullary collecting tubule
papillary duct

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2
Q

What structure connects the nephron to the collecting duct

A

arched collecting tubule

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3
Q

What structures make up the look of henle

A

proximal straight tubule
thin tubule
distal straight tubule

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4
Q

What are the names of the two nephrons

A 
cortical nephron 
juxtacorticomedullary nephron (or cortico-medullary nephron)
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5
Q

The cortical nephron has a (long/short) loop

A

short

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6
Q

Where does the cortical nephron extend to

A

outer medulla

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7
Q

the juxtocorticalmedullary nephron has a (long/short) loop that extends down to…

A

long…renal papilla

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8
Q

85% of the kidney is made up of (cortical/cortical-medullary nephrons)

A

cortical

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9
Q

What are the three structural components of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulous
urinary space
outer limiting membrane (parietal layer or Bowmans capsule)

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10
Q

What are the three cells located in the glomerulous

A
  • podocyte
  • mesangial cell
  • endothelial cells (capillaries)
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11
Q

Where does blood filtration take place

A

glomerulous

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12
Q

Urinary space collects

A

glucose, amino acids, etc that filter out of the blood

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13
Q

Where are podocytes located

A

Sits on top of capillary and buldges into urinary space

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14
Q

T/F: All cells in the glomerulus (3) take part in the filtration barrier

A

T

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15
Q

Function of the mesangial cell

A

produces mesangium which holds the complex together

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16
Q

Morphology of mesangial cell

A

acidophilic (only one with cytoplasm that stains)

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17
Q

Where are you most likely to find a podocyte

A

on the edge of the glomerulous

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18
Q

What are the two points of interruption on the renal corpuscle

A

Urinary and vascular poles

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19
Q

What is the urinary pole

A

Where the proximal convoluted tubule is continuous with bowman capsule

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20
Q

What is the vascular pole

A

Where the efferent vessel goes out and the afferent vessel goes in

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21
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a normal (not diseased) renal corpuscle

A
  • Glomerulous: round and uniform
  • Nuclei: Uniformly dispersed and don’t touch on another
  • Mesangium- not excessive
  • Capillaries: Uniformly thin
  • Arterioles: No sub endothelial CT
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22
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Bacteria

A

No

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23
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Small proteins

A

Yes

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24
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Glucose

A

Yes

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25
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Large proteins

A

no

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26
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Negatively charged protein

A

no

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27
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Nitrogenous wastes

A

yes

28
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Platelets

A

no

29
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space (filtration barrier): water

A

yes

30
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Blood cells

A

no

31
Q

What are the 3 components of the filtration barrier

A

Endothelium of capillaries, basal lamina, pedicles of podocytes

32
Q

Describe the endothelium of the capillaries involved in the filtration barrier

A

fenestrated with no diaphragms

33
Q

What role do the pedicles have in the filtration barrier

A

controls the movement of the border

34
Q

All membranes in the filtration barrier are (positively/negatively) charged

A

negatively

35
Q

Name a felw molecules that are able to move from the capillaries into the urinary space

A

NaCl, glucose, water, nitrogenous wastes, small amino acids, and small proteins

36
Q

What are the membranous structures between the pedicels of the podocytes called

A

Filtration slit

37
Q

In an EM how can you tell the cell you are looking at is a podocyte

A

Because you will see processes from the cell attaching to the capillary

38
Q

What structures would a molecule from the blood have to penetrate to get into the urinary space

A
  • Fenestrated endothelium in capillary
  • basement membrane (Lamina lucida, densa, lucida, reticular).
  • Membrane of filtration slit
  • Urinary space
39
Q

Membranes of filtration slits connect…

A

Adjacent pedicels

40
Q

What component of the collecting tubules stains with PAS

A

basal lamina

41
Q

What structures lie in between the tubules and ducts

A
  • Capillaries
  • collagen fibers (green with
  • Basal lamina
  • Occasionally big arteries
  • Type I erythropoietin cell (stimulates RBC production)
42
Q

Key morphological features for recognizing proximal tubules (straight or convoluted) LM

A
  • Irregular luminal surface (due to damaged brush border)
  • Acidophilic cytoplasm
  • Absence of cell borders
  • (If stained with PAS) PAS+ glycocalyx
43
Q

Morphology of Proximal tubule EM

A
  • Microvilli (brush border)
  • Canaliculi (invaginations in basement membrane)
  • Endocytotic vesicles (take up proteins lost in filtration)
  • Terminal bars
  • A lot Mitochondria (basal striations)
  • Basolateral interdigitations
44
Q

Are proximal tubules highly polarized?

A

yes

45
Q

Key morphologies of distal tubules (straight and convoluted) LM

A
  • Smaller and less acidophilic than proximal tubules
  • Smooth lumenal surface (no brush border)
  • Nuclei touch the surface of cells
  • No cell borders
46
Q

T/F: Macula densa is a markers for a proximal tubules

A

F (marker for distal tubule)

47
Q

What are the structures in the proximal tubule but not in the distal tubule (EM)

A
  • Microvilli (brush border)

- Canaliculi

48
Q

What are the structures that the proximal and distal tubules share

A
  • Terminal bar (junctional complex)
  • Basolateral interdigitations
  • Mitochrondrai (basal striations)
49
Q

Key morphologies for thin tubule (LM)

A
  • Narrow diameter and lumen
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • 1 or 2 cells with nuclei that budge into lumen
  • Pale staining cytoplasm
  • Two cell surfaces can be seen
50
Q

Key morphologies for thin tubule (EM)

A
  • Junctional complexes (weak ZO-tight junctions)
  • Few organelles (most prominent is mitochondria)
  • No brush border, canaliculi, basolateral interdigitations, and basal enfoldings
51
Q

Key morphologies for collecting tubules (LM)

A
  • Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
  • Central spherical nucleus
  • Borders between cells
  • Poorly stained cytoplasm
  • Halo around nucleus
52
Q

What are the two regions of the cortex

A
  • pars convoluta

- pars radiata

53
Q

What are the two divisions of the medulla

A

outer and inner medulla

54
Q

what are the two divisions of the outer medulla

A

outer and inner stripe

55
Q

What structures are found in the pars convoluta

A
  • proximal and distal convoluted tubules

- Arched collecting tubules

56
Q

What structures are founds in the pars radiata

A
  • Proximal and distal striaght tubules

- Cortical collecting tubules

57
Q

What structures are found in the outer stripe of the outer medulla

A
  • proximal and distal straight tubules

- medullary collecting tubules

58
Q

What structures are found on the inner stripe of the outer medulla

A
  • Thin tubule
  • Distal straight tubule
  • Medullary collecting tubule
59
Q

What structures are found in the inner medulla

A
  • Thin tubules

- Papillary ducts (ducts of Bellini)

60
Q

What are the 4 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (J-G apparatus)

A
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Efferent arteriol
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
  • Macula Densa
61
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent and some efferent arterioles are… cells

A

J-G cells (juxtaglomerular)

62
Q

The modified J-G cells produce an enzyme called

A

renin

63
Q

Physiological significance of renin

A

enzyme that begins the cascade that gives rise to angiotensin II which results in a rise in blood pressure

64
Q

What is the role of the extraglomerular mesangial cell

A

Forms a cushion between the arterioles and distal tubule

65
Q

In the medulla densa the cells on the opposite end of the tubule are (shorter/taller) than the cells on the other side

A

taller

66
Q

(Afferent/Efferent) arteriole have greater amounts of smooth muscle

A

afferent

Histo Block 4 (7 decks)

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