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PID > PID BLOCK 2 > Flashcards

PID BLOCK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses and viral diseases

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2
Q

Virologist

A

someone who studies viruses

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3
Q

Why is vet virology important?

A

causes high rate of mortality and morbidity in animals

impacts food safety and security

causes economic loss and is expensive to control and prevent

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4
Q

Zoonosis

A

viral diseases transmitted from animal to human

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5
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • non living entities
  • contains DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein (capsid)

-sometimes has a lipid envelope

-no organelles

-cant make proteins or energy by themself

-OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE

-dormant outside of cell

-cant multiply by division

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6
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell of a virus that holds the DNA/RNA

  • made of capsomeres held together with non covalent bonds
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7
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

capsid + nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

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8
Q

Lipid envelope

A
  • lipid bilayer that covers the capsid
  • glycoproteins present on the surface of the envelope (appears as spikes)

-derived from host cell

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9
Q

What is a naked virus?

A

Does not contain lipid envelope

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10
Q

Pleomorphism

A

ability of virus to alter shape or size

(Filament shaped, bullet shaped, tadpole shaped, rod shaped, brick shaped, spherical

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11
Q

Steps of virus replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis of nucleic acid and protein
  5. Assembly and Maturation
  6. Release in large #’s
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12
Q

Classifications of viruses

A
  1. Nature of virus genome and genetic diversity
  2. Virus replication strategies
  3. Virus morphology
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13
Q

What is the international committee on Taxonomy of Viruses? (ICTV)

A

develops, refines, and maintains virus taxonomy

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14
Q

How to diagnosis Viral infections

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Necropsy
  3. Histopathology
  4. Cultivation/isolation
  5. Inoculation in eggs
  6. Electron microscopy
  7. ELISA
  8. PCR/RT-PCR
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15
Q

Serology

A

detection of viral antigen or host antibody against virus (ELISA)

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16
Q

How to treat viruses?

A
  1. Antiviral drugs
  2. Immune system stimulation- interferon therapy
  3. Synthesize antibodies or admin of natural antiserum (antibodies)
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17
Q

Prevention of viruses

A
  1. Vaccination
  2. Proper hygiene
  3. Eliminate arthropod vectors
  4. Quarantine and culling
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18
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of a virus to cause disease in host (harm the host)

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19
Q

Pathogen

A

the virus that causes disease

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20
Q

Pathogenesis

A

mechanism of development of a disease (HOW it causes disease)

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21
Q

Non pathogenic virus vs pathogenic viruses

A

Non-path - does not cause disease

Path- causes symptoms (ex: sick in the hospital)

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22
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity (how bad is it)

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23
Q

Avirulent

A

Not harmful to the host

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24
Q

Lysis in viruses

A

Cell explodes and virus is able to infect new cells

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25
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell dies so virus cant replicate/ cause more harm

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26
Q

Impacts of virus replication

A
  1. Cell death
  2. Fusion of cells (multinucleation)
  3. No apparent change (latent, persistent)
  4. Transformation (normal to malignant
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27
Q

Virus properties that affect virulence

A
  1. Genetic variation
  2. Route of entry
  3. Affinity of virus to host organs
  4. Dose of infection
  5. Immune evasion
28
Q

How is virulence measured?

A

LD 50 (Lethal dose reference)- dose req. to cause death in 50% of population

(A virus with LD 30 will cause more harm than a virus with LD 50)

29
Q

How does a virus spread through the body?

A
  1. Local infection of epithelial surfaces
  2. Subepithelial invasion and lymphatic spread
  3. To the blood stream
30
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of virus in the blood

Can be primary of secondary

31
Q

Primary vs Secondary Viremia

A

Primary: initial entry of virus in blood

Secondary: Virus multiplied in organ and enters blood to affect another organ

32
Q

Types of viral infection?

A

Disseminated: spreads beyond primary site

Systemic: # of organs/tissues infected

33
Q

Neurotropic Virus

A

can infect neural cells but could decide hematogenous spread

34
Q

Neuroinvasive Virus

A

enters central nervous system (CNS)

35
Q

Neurovirulent Virus

A

causes disease of nervous tissue.

Neuro symptoms and often death

36
Q

Tropism

A

affinity for a specific tissue

Ex: Enteric vs resp virus

37
Q

Pantropic virus

A

can replicate in more than one host

38
Q

Outcomes of viral injury

A
  1. Cell lysis
  2. Apoptosis
  3. Malignant transformation
  4. Persistent infection
  5. Immunosupression
39
Q

Acute vs Persistent infection

A

Acute- intensive shedding over short period

Persistent- shed at low levels for months-years

40
Q

Virus Injury to Skin

A

Can be localized or disseminated

  1. Vesicle (small elevation of fluid)
  2. Ulcer (opening of skin by necrosis)
  3. Nodules (solid, elevated mass)
  4. Warts (benign skin growth)
  5. Erythema (reddening of skin)
41
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Habitat or population where infectious agent resides

DOES NOT mean illness

Individual can be killed but pathogen can remain in population

42
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
  • Germs (infectious agent)
43
Q

Vertical mode of transmission

A
  • anything repro, from mom to baby
    1. Transovarial
    2. Perinatal
    3. Eggs/ transplacental
44
Q

Horizontal mode of transmission

A

Direct or Indirect

Direct is contact or droplets/airborne
Indirect is vector or vehicle

45
Q

Indirect vs Direct mode of transmission

A

Indirect
1. intermediary
2. Distance, long period of time
Ex: touching an ATM
Vector of Vehicle

Direct:
1. From reservoir to susceptible host
2. Little space, short time period
Ex: sneezing on someone
Contact of Droplets/airborne

46
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Inanimate object that serves to communicate disease

  • Ex: water, food, soil

Ex of an indirect route

47
Q

Vector transmission

A

Arthropods that carry and transmit pathogens

Mechanical vs Biological

Ex of indirect route of transmission

48
Q

Mechanical vector

A

Carries pathogen from one host to the next without self being infected (Ex flies)

Ex of indirect route of transmission

49
Q

Biological vector

A

Pathogen will change/multiply/develop while in vector (Ex tick)

Ex of indirect route of transmission

50
Q

What is the main portal of entry for transmission?

A

The eyeballs

51
Q

Who is a more susceptible host?

A

Young, old, pregnant, immune supressed (YOPI)

52
Q

What makes up a nucleic acid?

A
  • Nitrogen base
  • 5 carbon sugar (ribose of deoxyribose)
  • 3 phosphate groups
53
Q

How are DNA sequences read?

A

From 5’ to 3’ from sense strand

54
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

6 carbon ring

C,T, U

55
Q

What is a purine?

A

2 joined carbon rings

A, G

56
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA:
- Double stranded, deoxyribose
- Thymidynic acid
- A, T pairing
- Nuclear location
- Stable

RNA:
- single stranded, ribose
- Uridynic acid
- A, U pairing
- Cytoplasmic location
- Labile

57
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

58
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

59
Q

Silent mutation

A

mutation with no function change

60
Q

Missense mutation

A

Change in function (produces a dif protein)

61
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

change in termination/STOP codon

premature termination

62
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

inserting or deleting a number or base pair other than a multiple of 3

63
Q

Transformation

A

acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA

Ex: even after mouse dies bacteria contains DNA that can be extracted and transformed

64
Q

Chain of transmission

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Susceptible host
65
Q

Fomite

A

contaminated object, transmits disease on a limited scale

Ex of indirect transmission

PID (13 decks)

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