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PID BLOCK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses and viral diseases

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2
Q

Virologist

A

someone who studies viruses

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3
Q

Why is vet virology important?

A

causes high rate of mortality and morbidity in animals

impacts food safety and security

causes economic loss and is expensive to control and prevent

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4
Q

Zoonosis

A

viral diseases transmitted from animal to human

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5
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • non living entities
  • contains DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein (capsid)

-sometimes has a lipid envelope

-no organelles

-cant make proteins or energy by themself

-OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE

-dormant outside of cell

-cant multiply by division

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6
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell of a virus that holds the DNA/RNA

  • made of capsomeres held together with non covalent bonds
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7
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

capsid + nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

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8
Q

Lipid envelope

A
  • lipid bilayer that covers the capsid
  • glycoproteins present on the surface of the envelope (appears as spikes)

-derived from host cell

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9
Q

What is a naked virus?

A

Does not contain lipid envelope

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10
Q

Pleomorphism

A

ability of virus to alter shape or size

(Filament shaped, bullet shaped, tadpole shaped, rod shaped, brick shaped, spherical

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11
Q

Steps of virus replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis of nucleic acid and protein
  5. Assembly and Maturation
  6. Release in large #’s
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12
Q

Classifications of viruses

A
  1. Nature of virus genome and genetic diversity
  2. Virus replication strategies
  3. Virus morphology
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13
Q

What is the international committee on Taxonomy of Viruses? (ICTV)

A

develops, refines, and maintains virus taxonomy

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14
Q

How to diagnosis Viral infections

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Necropsy
  3. Histopathology
  4. Cultivation/isolation
  5. Inoculation in eggs
  6. Electron microscopy
  7. ELISA
  8. PCR/RT-PCR
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15
Q

Serology

A

detection of viral antigen or host antibody against virus (ELISA)

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16
Q

How to treat viruses?

A
  1. Antiviral drugs
  2. Immune system stimulation- interferon therapy
  3. Synthesize antibodies or admin of natural antiserum (antibodies)
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17
Q

Prevention of viruses

A
  1. Vaccination
  2. Proper hygiene
  3. Eliminate arthropod vectors
  4. Quarantine and culling
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18
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of a virus to cause disease in host (harm the host)

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19
Q

Pathogen

A

the virus that causes disease

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20
Q

Pathogenesis

A

mechanism of development of a disease (HOW it causes disease)

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21
Q

Non pathogenic virus vs pathogenic viruses

A

Non-path - does not cause disease

Path- causes symptoms (ex: sick in the hospital)

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22
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity (how bad is it)

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23
Q

Avirulent

A

Not harmful to the host

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24
Q

Lysis in viruses

A

Cell explodes and virus is able to infect new cells

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25
Apoptosis
cell dies so virus cant replicate/ cause more harm
26
Impacts of virus replication
1. Cell death 2. Fusion of cells (multinucleation) 3. No apparent change (latent, persistent) 4. Transformation (normal to malignant
27
Virus properties that affect virulence
1. Genetic variation 2. Route of entry 3. Affinity of virus to host organs 4. Dose of infection 5. Immune evasion
28
How is virulence measured?
LD 50 (Lethal dose reference)- dose req. to cause death in 50% of population (A virus with LD 30 will cause more harm than a virus with LD 50)
29
How does a virus spread through the body?
1. Local infection of epithelial surfaces 2. Subepithelial invasion and lymphatic spread 3. To the blood stream
30
Viremia
Presence of virus in the blood Can be primary of secondary
31
Primary vs Secondary Viremia
Primary: initial entry of virus in blood Secondary: Virus multiplied in organ and enters blood to affect another organ
32
Types of viral infection?
Disseminated: spreads beyond primary site Systemic: # of organs/tissues infected
33
Neurotropic Virus
can infect neural cells but could decide hematogenous spread
34
Neuroinvasive Virus
enters central nervous system (CNS)
35
Neurovirulent Virus
causes disease of nervous tissue. Neuro symptoms and often death
36
Tropism
affinity for a specific tissue Ex: Enteric vs resp virus
37
Pantropic virus
can replicate in more than one host
38
Outcomes of viral injury
1. Cell lysis 2. Apoptosis 3. Malignant transformation 4. Persistent infection 5. Immunosupression
39
Acute vs Persistent infection
Acute- intensive shedding over short period Persistent- shed at low levels for months-years
40
Virus Injury to Skin
Can be localized or disseminated 1. Vesicle (small elevation of fluid) 2. Ulcer (opening of skin by necrosis) 3. Nodules (solid, elevated mass) 4. Warts (benign skin growth) 5. Erythema (reddening of skin)
41
What is a reservoir?
Habitat or population where infectious agent resides DOES NOT mean illness Individual can be killed but pathogen can remain in population
42
What is the chain of infection?
- Reservoir - Portal of exit - Mode of transmission - Portal of entry - Susceptible host - Germs (infectious agent)
43
Vertical mode of transmission
- anything repro, from mom to baby 1. Transovarial 2. Perinatal 3. Eggs/ transplacental
44
Horizontal mode of transmission
Direct or Indirect Direct is contact or droplets/airborne Indirect is vector or vehicle
45
Indirect vs Direct mode of transmission
Indirect 1. intermediary 2. Distance, long period of time Ex: touching an ATM Vector of Vehicle Direct: 1. From reservoir to susceptible host 2. Little space, short time period Ex: sneezing on someone Contact of Droplets/airborne
46
Vehicle transmission
Inanimate object that serves to communicate disease - Ex: water, food, soil Ex of an indirect route
47
Vector transmission
Arthropods that carry and transmit pathogens Mechanical vs Biological Ex of indirect route of transmission
48
Mechanical vector
Carries pathogen from one host to the next without self being infected (Ex flies) Ex of indirect route of transmission
49
Biological vector
Pathogen will change/multiply/develop while in vector (Ex tick) Ex of indirect route of transmission
50
What is the main portal of entry for transmission?
The eyeballs
51
Who is a more susceptible host?
Young, old, pregnant, immune supressed (YOPI)
52
What makes up a nucleic acid?
- Nitrogen base - 5 carbon sugar (ribose of deoxyribose) - 3 phosphate groups
53
How are DNA sequences read?
From 5' to 3' from sense strand
54
What is a pyrimidine?
6 carbon ring C,T, U
55
What is a purine?
2 joined carbon rings A, G
56
DNA vs RNA
DNA: - Double stranded, deoxyribose - Thymidynic acid - A, T pairing - Nuclear location - Stable RNA: - single stranded, ribose - Uridynic acid - A, U pairing - Cytoplasmic location - Labile
57
Transcription
DNA to RNA
58
Translation
RNA to protein
59
Silent mutation
mutation with no function change
60
Missense mutation
Change in function (produces a dif protein)
61
Nonsense mutation
change in termination/STOP codon premature termination
62
Frameshift mutation
inserting or deleting a number or base pair other than a multiple of 3
63
Transformation
acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA Ex: even after mouse dies bacteria contains DNA that can be extracted and transformed
64
Chain of transmission
1. Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host
65
Fomite
contaminated object, transmits disease on a limited scale Ex of indirect transmission

PID (13 decks)

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