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PID > Drug Therapy- Dr. Becker > Flashcards

Drug Therapy- Dr. Becker Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

A

Penicillin

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2
Q

Why was there a discovery void from 1990-2010?

A

Because it is not a discovery that can keep on going.

Most of the natural metabolites were already discovered by this time

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3
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

Any substance of Natural, Synthetic, or Semi-synthetic origin that kills or inhibits growth and causes little damage to the host

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4
Q

What are examples of antimicrobials?

A
  • Antibiotics/ Antibacterials
  • Antivirals
  • Antiparasitic agents
  • Antifungals
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5
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

chemical substance made by microorganisms (natural origin) in DILUTE solution to selectively INHIBIT growth or KILL microorganisms

Made by old and natural soil-dwelling microorganisms

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6
Q

Where is the majority of antimicrobial use in animals found?

A

In livestock

Specifically non-therapeutic livestock for prevention

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7
Q

How are antimicrobials used in livestock for prevention?

A
  • After surgery
  • Dry Cow Therapy
  • Before transportation
  • Potential outbreaks
  • Stressful conditions
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8
Q

What are the categories of antimicrobials for therapeutic use?

A
  1. Treatment
  2. Control
  3. Prevention
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9
Q

Prophylactic use of antimicrobials for prevention

A

Treats healthy animals to prevent infection

Ex: Tetracyclines in the feed of birds to prevent outbreak

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10
Q

Metaphylactic use of antimicrobials

A

Treats diseased herd to cure infection in some and prevent infection in others

Treat all herd to cure some and prevent others

For CONTROL

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11
Q

Why was growth promotion using antimicrobials banned?

A

Because it enhances antimicrobial resistance and had a negative impact

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12
Q

Growth promotion

A

NON-THERAPEUTIC USE

Treats healthy animals with sub-therapeutic concentrations in feed to improve growth rate, efficiency of feed and reproduction

Ex: better eggs and more meat

Showed enhanced antimicrobial resistance, now banned

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13
Q

Describe the yellow card system for use of antibiotics for prevention

A

You must consider alternative options such as Feed additives, biosecurity and vaccination before using antibiotics for prevention

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14
Q

What are some alternatives for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency without using antibiotics?

A
  1. Prebiotics / Probiotics
  2. Organic acids
  3. Phytogenics
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15
Q

How can antibacterial agents be classified?

A
  1. Chemical structure
  2. Origin
  3. Spectrum
  4. Mode of action
  5. Anti-microbial effect
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16
Q

What is an example of a Beta-Lactam?

A

Penicillin

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17
Q

What is the chemical structure of Erythromycin?

A

Macrolide

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18
Q

What is an example of a tetracycline?

A

HCL

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19
Q

Explain an antibacterial agent of synthetic origin

A

Chemically designed by us

Maximal efficiency and minimal toxicity

20
Q

What are the origins of antibacterial agents?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Semi-synthetic
  3. Synthetic
21
Q

Explain an antibacterial agent of natural origin

A

Made by fungi and bacteria- “True antibiotics”

Has a high toxicity and low efficiency

22
Q

Explain an antibacterial agent of semi-synthetic origin

A

Chemically altered natural components

23
Q

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

Wide range antimicrobials that are active against multiple different microorganisms

Ex: TETRACYCLINE- can target gram neg, gram pos, rickettsias, chlamydias

24
Q

What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

Those with a limited activity against specific species of microorganisms

Ex:

  1. Penicillin targets Gram +
  2. Polymyxin targets Gram neg
25
Q

What are some modes of action for antibiotics?

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis (Translation)
  3. Inhibit synthesis of metabolites
  4. Destroys plasma membrane
  5. Inhibits nucleic acid replication (Transcription)
26
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Promotes autolysin (cell lysis)

Mode of action that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)

Ex: Beta Lactams = Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalosporin

27
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A

Mode of action to inhibit 50S or 30S of ribosomes

Ex: Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol

28
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

Kills microorganisms and reduces total # of viable bacteria

-Makes it so bacteria is no longer metabolically active

29
Q

Bacteriostatic drugs

A

Inhibits growth and multiplication of bacteria

Allows host immune system to completely eliminate pathogen

30
Q

How can you differentiate bactericidal vs bacteriostatic drugs?

A

Depending on…

  1. Drug conc.
  2. Presence of other drugs
  3. Bacterial species
31
Q

What are examples of anthelminthic drugs?

A

Dewormers (antiparasitics)

Ex: Ivermectin, Praziquantel, Benzimidazoles

32
Q

What is vermicide?

A

Anthelmintics that kill infesting helminths (parasites)

Makes the parasite no longer viable

33
Q

What is a vermifuge?

A

Anthelmintics that expel infesting helminths

Parasite is released from host but still viable

34
Q

What is an ideal anthelmintic?

A
  1. Orally effective in 1 dose
  2. Inexpensive
  3. Widely safe with highest toxicity to worms but not host
  4. No/ Low tissue residue
35
Q

What is the purpose of antiviral drugs?

A

Interferes with a virus to infiltrate a target cell or for the virus to target dif. stages of replication and synthesis

Acts as an immune system stimulation

36
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Protein with antiviral effects for immune system stimulation

37
Q

Antiviral antiserums

A

Gives antibiotics to capture the agent

Ex: Rabies antiserum

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of using single drugs for drug therapy?

A
  1. High doses
  2. High toxicity
  3. Altered cell metabolism
  4. Drug resistance
39
Q

What are the advantages of using combinatorial treatments for drug therapy?

A
  1. Lower dose
  2. Synergistic response- enhances each others effect
  3. Decreases probability of resistance
  4. Can change spectrum (Broad vs narrow)
  5. Multiple targets (cell wall vs protein synthesis)
40
Q

Co-resistance

A

Multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to different drugs within the same strain on the same plasmid

1 plasmid can have multiple resistance genes- to penicillin, ampicillin, etc

41
Q

Cross- resistance

A

resistance against 1 compound gives resistance against another compound within the same chemical group

Penicillin can give resistance gene to another Beta Lactam of the same chemical structure

42
Q

Co- selection

A

Selection of multiple resistance genes when 1 of these genes is selected

43
Q

Which drug destroys the plasma membrane of bacteria?

A

Polymyxin B

44
Q

Which drug inhibits nucleic acid replication and transcription in bacteria?

A

Quinolones

45
Q

How does Penicillin (B lactams) destroy bacteria?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis of GRAM POSITIVE bacteria

46
Q

Which antibiotic drugs inhibit protein synthesis/ translation?

A

Tetracyclines, Erythromycin

PID (13 decks)

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