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Drug Therapy- Dr. Becker Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

A

Penicillin

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2
Q

Why was there a discovery void from 1990-2010?

A

Because it is not a discovery that can keep on going.

Most of the natural metabolites were already discovered by this time

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3
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

Any substance of Natural, Synthetic, or Semi-synthetic origin that kills or inhibits growth and causes little damage to the host

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4
Q

What are examples of antimicrobials?

A
  • Antibiotics/ Antibacterials
  • Antivirals
  • Antiparasitic agents
  • Antifungals
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5
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

chemical substance made by microorganisms (natural origin) in DILUTE solution to selectively INHIBIT growth or KILL microorganisms

Made by old and natural soil-dwelling microorganisms

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6
Q

Where is the majority of antimicrobial use in animals found?

A

In livestock

Specifically non-therapeutic livestock for prevention

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7
Q

How are antimicrobials used in livestock for prevention?

A
  • After surgery
  • Dry Cow Therapy
  • Before transportation
  • Potential outbreaks
  • Stressful conditions
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8
Q

What are the categories of antimicrobials for therapeutic use?

A
  1. Treatment
  2. Control
  3. Prevention
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9
Q

Prophylactic use of antimicrobials for prevention

A

Treats healthy animals to prevent infection

Ex: Tetracyclines in the feed of birds to prevent outbreak

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10
Q

Metaphylactic use of antimicrobials

A

Treats diseased herd to cure infection in some and prevent infection in others

Treat all herd to cure some and prevent others

For CONTROL

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11
Q

Why was growth promotion using antimicrobials banned?

A

Because it enhances antimicrobial resistance and had a negative impact

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12
Q

Growth promotion

A

NON-THERAPEUTIC USE

Treats healthy animals with sub-therapeutic concentrations in feed to improve growth rate, efficiency of feed and reproduction

Ex: better eggs and more meat

Showed enhanced antimicrobial resistance, now banned

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13
Q

Describe the yellow card system for use of antibiotics for prevention

A

You must consider alternative options such as Feed additives, biosecurity and vaccination before using antibiotics for prevention

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14
Q

What are some alternatives for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency without using antibiotics?

A
  1. Prebiotics / Probiotics
  2. Organic acids
  3. Phytogenics
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15
Q

How can antibacterial agents be classified?

A
  1. Chemical structure
  2. Origin
  3. Spectrum
  4. Mode of action
  5. Anti-microbial effect
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16
Q

What is an example of a Beta-Lactam?

A

Penicillin

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17
Q

What is the chemical structure of Erythromycin?

A

Macrolide

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18
Q

What is an example of a tetracycline?

A

HCL

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19
Q

Explain an antibacterial agent of synthetic origin

A

Chemically designed by us

Maximal efficiency and minimal toxicity

20
Q

What are the origins of antibacterial agents?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Semi-synthetic
  3. Synthetic
21
Q

Explain an antibacterial agent of natural origin

A

Made by fungi and bacteria- “True antibiotics”

Has a high toxicity and low efficiency

22
Q

Explain an antibacterial agent of semi-synthetic origin

A

Chemically altered natural components

23
Q

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

Wide range antimicrobials that are active against multiple different microorganisms

Ex: TETRACYCLINE- can target gram neg, gram pos, rickettsias, chlamydias

24
Q

What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

Those with a limited activity against specific species of microorganisms

Ex:

  1. Penicillin targets Gram +
  2. Polymyxin targets Gram neg
25
What are some modes of action for antibiotics?
1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis 2. Inhibit protein synthesis (Translation) 3. Inhibit synthesis of metabolites 4. Destroys plasma membrane 5. Inhibits nucleic acid replication (Transcription)
26
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Promotes autolysin (cell lysis) Mode of action that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) Ex: Beta Lactams = Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalosporin
27
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Mode of action to inhibit 50S or 30S of ribosomes Ex: Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol
28
Bactericidal drugs
Kills microorganisms and reduces total # of viable bacteria -Makes it so bacteria is no longer metabolically active
29
Bacteriostatic drugs
Inhibits growth and multiplication of bacteria Allows host immune system to completely eliminate pathogen
30
How can you differentiate bactericidal vs bacteriostatic drugs?
Depending on... 1. Drug conc. 2. Presence of other drugs 3. Bacterial species
31
What are examples of anthelminthic drugs?
Dewormers (antiparasitics) Ex: Ivermectin, Praziquantel, Benzimidazoles
32
What is vermicide?
Anthelmintics that kill infesting helminths (parasites) Makes the parasite no longer viable
33
What is a vermifuge?
Anthelmintics that expel infesting helminths Parasite is released from host but still viable
34
What is an ideal anthelmintic?
1. Orally effective in 1 dose 2. Inexpensive 3. Widely safe with highest toxicity to worms but not host 4. No/ Low tissue residue
35
What is the purpose of antiviral drugs?
Interferes with a virus to infiltrate a target cell or for the virus to target dif. stages of replication and synthesis Acts as an immune system stimulation
36
What do interferons do?
Protein with antiviral effects for immune system stimulation
37
Antiviral antiserums
Gives antibiotics to capture the agent Ex: Rabies antiserum
38
What are the disadvantages of using single drugs for drug therapy?
1. High doses 2. High toxicity 3. Altered cell metabolism 4. Drug resistance
39
What are the advantages of using combinatorial treatments for drug therapy?
1. Lower dose 2. Synergistic response- enhances each others effect 3. Decreases probability of resistance 4. Can change spectrum (Broad vs narrow) 5. Multiple targets (cell wall vs protein synthesis)
40
Co-resistance
Multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to different drugs within the same strain on the same plasmid 1 plasmid can have multiple resistance genes- to penicillin, ampicillin, etc
41
Cross- resistance
resistance against 1 compound gives resistance against another compound within the same chemical group Penicillin can give resistance gene to another Beta Lactam of the same chemical structure
42
Co- selection
Selection of multiple resistance genes when 1 of these genes is selected
43
Which drug destroys the plasma membrane of bacteria?
Polymyxin B
44
Which drug inhibits nucleic acid replication and transcription in bacteria?
Quinolones
45
How does Penicillin (B lactams) destroy bacteria?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis of GRAM POSITIVE bacteria
46
Which antibiotic drugs inhibit protein synthesis/ translation?
Tetracyclines, Erythromycin

PID (13 decks)

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