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PID > Immuno > Flashcards

Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system

A

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to foreign elements (antigens)

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2
Q

Immune response

A

reaction of cells and molecules to antigens

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3
Q

Immunology

A

study of immune system, response to pathogens + its role in disease

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4
Q

Antigen

A
  • antibody generator
  • induces immune response when introduced to the body
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5
Q

Epitope

A

Also called antigenic determinant

  • part of an antigen, induces immune response and binds to products (lymphocyte receptors and antibodies)
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6
Q

Autoimmunity

A

failure to discriminate foreign elements from components of its own (self vs non self)

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of immune defense?

A
  1. Innate (non specific)
  2. Adaptive (specific)
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8
Q

Innate immunity

A

physical barriers, inflammation, and complement system

  • always active
  • macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
  • Fast response
  • No memory cells
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9
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Humoral and Cellular immunity

-active when in contact with antigens
- T + B cells
- Slow response
- specifically unique to each pathogen
- memory cells are present

Ex: a vaccine takes time to develop immunity

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10
Q

PAMPs

A

components shared between dif types of pathogens and present a molecular composition that differs from “self”

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11
Q

DAMPs

A
  1. Intracellular DAMPs = released when cells die
  2. Extracellular DAMPs = generated when CT is damaged
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12
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A

receptors of INNATE immunity that recognizes PAMPs and DAMPs

  • soluble or membrane bound
  • signalling or phagocytic
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13
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Located in blood
  • 48-72 hr life span

Function: antimicrobial effectors in acute bacterial infection

Action: phagocytosis, degranulation, extracellular trap mechanism

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14
Q

Eosinophils

A

Located in blood + tissues of GI tract + airways

  • survives days to weeks

Function: antiparasitic effectors in helminthic infection, antiviral action, roles in allergy

Action: Degranulation, some phagocytosis

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15
Q

Basophils

A

Located in blood

  • Survives days

Function: mediator of inflammation

Action: Degranulation

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16
Q

Which immune cells action is degranulation?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Mast cells
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17
Q

Mast cells

A

Located in CT surrounding vasculature + lamina propria of mucose

  • Survives weeks to months

Function: immune surveillance, mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy

Action: Detects threats + release of inflamm. mediators by degranulation or synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines

releases histamine and serotonin (VASCULAR amines)

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18
Q

Macrophages

A

Located in peripheral tissues, survives months

Function: immune surveillance, antimicrobial capacity, some antigen presentation (adaptive immunity)

Action: Detects threats and release of inflamm. mediators, phagocytosis

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19
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Located in tissues, survives months, needed for adaptive immunity

Function: immune surveillance, antigen processing and presentation

Action: detects threats and release of inflamm. mediators, endocytosis + phagocytosis

20
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

Located in blood + spleen, survives months

Function: Destruction of viruses and tumor cells

Action: Recognizing virally infected/abnormal host, target release of CYTOTOXIC GRANULES

21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Located in blood, tissues, and secondary lymphoid organs (spleen)

Survives weeks to months to years (memory cells)

Ex: T + B cells

22
Q

Complement system

A

Plasma proteins (proteolytic) that are inert but can interact in cascade once activated

Attacks cell membrane leading to death

Signalling molecules that recruit immune cells to inflamm. sites

3 Pathways: Alternative, Classical, Lectin

23
Q

Receptors in immune system

A

On surface or in intracellular compartments

24
Q

Ligands in immune system

A

molecules that activate receptors

Soluble or membrane bound

25
Q

Cytokines

A

proteins for cell growth + activation

Ex: Interleukins- communication between cells
Ex: Chemokines- chemotaxis

26
Q

Sentinel cells

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. Mast cells
  • Releases pro-inflammatory + antimicrobial mediators
  • Activates innate response
  • Many receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs
27
Q

Leukocyte extravasation

A
  1. Selectins - rolling
  2. Integrins - adhesion
  3. Chemokines - migration through endothelium
28
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

A

OXIDATIVE PATHWAY OF KILLING

Uses oxygen and glucose to increase several fold “respiratory burst”

Toxic to microorganisms

29
Q

Cationic proteins

A

Damage bacterial cell wall

30
Q

Lysozyme

A

Damages mucopeptides in bacterial cell wall

31
Q

Lactoferrin

A

sequestrates iron, inhibits baterial growth

32
Q

Proteolytic + Hydrolytic enzymes

A

digest killed bacteria

33
Q

Non oxidative pathway of killing?

A

Depends on action of toxic substances in lysosomes

  1. Cationic proteins
  2. Lysozymes
  3. Lactoferrin
  4. Proteolytic + hydrolytic enzymes
34
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular traps (NETs)

A

Extrudes strands of DNA and proteins into ECF

Traps + kills microbes

35
Q

Alternative pathway

A
  • Complement proteins activated on microbial surface
  • Needs microbe, innate immunity
36
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Activated when a carb-binding protein, mannose binding lectin (MBL), binds to terminal mannose on glycoprotein surface

  • Innate immunity
37
Q

Classical pathway

A
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Activated by antibodies that bind microbes or antigens
38
Q

What is the end result of the Alternative, Lectin, and Classical pathway?

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC)- osmotic lysis

39
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

Breaches membrane of microbe, allowing water to rush into cell

Destruction by osmotic lysis (swells and dies)

40
Q

Ig Isotypes

A

IgM- blood

IgG- Blood + tissues

IgA- mucous membranes

IgE- Epithelial tissue

Humoral response

41
Q

Primary Ig isotype to respond? Secondary?

A

Primary- IgM

Secondary- IgG

42
Q

MHC 1

A

presents antigens to CD8+ T cells

All nucleated cells, free in cytosol

Can kill any type of virus infected cell

43
Q

MHC 2

A

Presents antigens to CD4+ T cells

Helper T cells!

Endocytosis of extracellular protein

Professional antigen presenting cells (Dendritic, Macrophages, B cells)

44
Q

How are Naive T cells activated?

A

Dendritic cells

  1. Proliferation
  2. Differentiation
45
Q

CD4+

A

Th1, Th2, Th17

Helper T cells

Secretes cytokines that activate other cells

Presented by MHC 2

46
Q

CD8+

A

Cytotoxic T cells

Kills infected cells, induces apoptosis

Presented by MHC 1

47
Q

CD4+ Th1 cells

A

Cytokine secretion

Activates macrophages and CTLs (CD8+)

PID (13 decks)

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