Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system

A

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to foreign elements (antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immune response

A

reaction of cells and molecules to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Immunology

A

study of immune system, response to pathogens + its role in disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antigen

A
  • antibody generator
  • induces immune response when introduced to the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epitope

A

Also called antigenic determinant

  • part of an antigen, induces immune response and binds to products (lymphocyte receptors and antibodies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autoimmunity

A

failure to discriminate foreign elements from components of its own (self vs non self)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 types of immune defense?

A
  1. Innate (non specific)
  2. Adaptive (specific)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innate immunity

A

physical barriers, inflammation, and complement system

  • always active
  • macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
  • Fast response
  • No memory cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Humoral and Cellular immunity

-active when in contact with antigens
- T + B cells
- Slow response
- specifically unique to each pathogen
- memory cells are present

Ex: a vaccine takes time to develop immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PAMPs

A

components shared between dif types of pathogens and present a molecular composition that differs from “self”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DAMPs

A
  1. Intracellular DAMPs = released when cells die
  2. Extracellular DAMPs = generated when CT is damaged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A

receptors of INNATE immunity that recognizes PAMPs and DAMPs

  • soluble or membrane bound
  • signalling or phagocytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Located in blood
  • 48-72 hr life span

Function: antimicrobial effectors in acute bacterial infection

Action: phagocytosis, degranulation, extracellular trap mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eosinophils

A

Located in blood + tissues of GI tract + airways

  • survives days to weeks

Function: antiparasitic effectors in helminthic infection, antiviral action, roles in allergy

Action: Degranulation, some phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basophils

A

Located in blood

  • Survives days

Function: mediator of inflammation

Action: Degranulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which immune cells action is degranulation?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Mast cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mast cells

A

Located in CT surrounding vasculature + lamina propria of mucose

  • Survives weeks to months

Function: immune surveillance, mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy

Action: Detects threats + release of inflamm. mediators by degranulation or synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines

releases histamine and serotonin (VASCULAR amines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Macrophages

A

Located in peripheral tissues, survives months

Function: immune surveillance, antimicrobial capacity, some antigen presentation (adaptive immunity)

Action: Detects threats and release of inflamm. mediators, phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Located in tissues, survives months, needed for adaptive immunity

Function: immune surveillance, antigen processing and presentation

Action: detects threats and release of inflamm. mediators, endocytosis + phagocytosis

20
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

Located in blood + spleen, survives months

Function: Destruction of viruses and tumor cells

Action: Recognizing virally infected/abnormal host, target release of CYTOTOXIC GRANULES

21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Located in blood, tissues, and secondary lymphoid organs (spleen)

Survives weeks to months to years (memory cells)

Ex: T + B cells

22
Q

Complement system

A

Plasma proteins (proteolytic) that are inert but can interact in cascade once activated

Attacks cell membrane leading to death

Signalling molecules that recruit immune cells to inflamm. sites

3 Pathways: Alternative, Classical, Lectin

23
Q

Receptors in immune system

A

On surface or in intracellular compartments

24
Q

Ligands in immune system

A

molecules that activate receptors

Soluble or membrane bound

25
Cytokines
proteins for cell growth + activation Ex: Interleukins- communication between cells Ex: Chemokines- chemotaxis
26
Sentinel cells
1. Dendritic cells 2. Macrophages 3. Mast cells - Releases pro-inflammatory + antimicrobial mediators - Activates innate response - Many receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs
27
Leukocyte extravasation
1. Selectins - rolling 2. Integrins - adhesion 3. Chemokines - migration through endothelium
28
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
OXIDATIVE PATHWAY OF KILLING Uses oxygen and glucose to increase several fold "respiratory burst" Toxic to microorganisms
29
Cationic proteins
Damage bacterial cell wall
30
Lysozyme
Damages mucopeptides in bacterial cell wall
31
Lactoferrin
sequestrates iron, inhibits baterial growth
32
Proteolytic + Hydrolytic enzymes
digest killed bacteria
33
Non oxidative pathway of killing?
Depends on action of toxic substances in lysosomes 1. Cationic proteins 2. Lysozymes 3. Lactoferrin 4. Proteolytic + hydrolytic enzymes
34
Neutrophil Extracellular traps (NETs)
Extrudes strands of DNA and proteins into ECF Traps + kills microbes
35
Alternative pathway
- Complement proteins activated on microbial surface - Needs microbe, innate immunity
36
Lectin pathway
Activated when a carb-binding protein, mannose binding lectin (MBL), binds to terminal mannose on glycoprotein surface - Innate immunity
37
Classical pathway
- Adaptive immunity - Activated by antibodies that bind microbes or antigens
38
What is the end result of the Alternative, Lectin, and Classical pathway?
Membrane attack complex (MAC)- osmotic lysis
39
Membrane attack complex
Breaches membrane of microbe, allowing water to rush into cell Destruction by osmotic lysis (swells and dies)
40
Ig Isotypes
IgM- blood IgG- Blood + tissues IgA- mucous membranes IgE- Epithelial tissue Humoral response
41
Primary Ig isotype to respond? Secondary?
Primary- IgM Secondary- IgG
42
MHC 1
presents antigens to CD8+ T cells All nucleated cells, free in cytosol Can kill any type of virus infected cell
43
MHC 2
Presents antigens to CD4+ T cells Helper T cells! Endocytosis of extracellular protein Professional antigen presenting cells (Dendritic, Macrophages, B cells)
44
How are Naive T cells activated?
Dendritic cells 1. Proliferation 2. Differentiation
45
CD4+
Th1, Th2, Th17 Helper T cells Secretes cytokines that activate other cells Presented by MHC 2
46
CD8+
Cytotoxic T cells Kills infected cells, induces apoptosis Presented by MHC 1
47
CD4+ Th1 cells
Cytokine secretion Activates macrophages and CTLs (CD8+)