Picture Recognition Flashcards
Papal Urban Projects from the combined power and money of 7 pilgrimage churches
The churches include the four patriarchal basilicas:
St. Peter’s Basilica
Basilica of St. John Lateran
Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Santa Maria Maggiore
They also include three minor basilicas:
San Lorenzo fuori le mura
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore
Aqua Appia
312 BC, Rome
1st aqueduct
Agora, Athens, 480-380
Most ‘civilized’ city
Birthplace of Democracy
Public space
Egypt - Akhetaten IV, Tel el Amarna
New Kingdom 1352 BC
Egypt
Alhambra Palace and Fortress
Founded 889, rebuilt mid-11th century, made a royal palace in 1333
Nasrid Dynasty
Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)
Moorish
Egypt - Amenhotep III ‘Temple of a high official’
New Kingdom 1400 BC Egypt
Irrigation in straight lines dictating rectolinear form
Plants functional and provide perfumes, oils, fruit, food
Aqua Augusta
31 BC
Pompeii
Roman
by Augustus
Greece - Athens
Birth on acropolis 2800 BC
Heydey = 480 - 380 BC
Greece
Long walls around athens to coast
Athens Acropolis
Enter on left, view building on the side (the sexiest way to view architecture)
Mughal Emperor (and founder) Babur (1483-1530) supervising the installation of his garden.
Balkawara Palace
Samarra, Iraq
849 AD
A prototype hunting garden - a place where wild animals brought for Royals to shoot. Rigorous symmetry along pool.
Baths of Agrippa
25 BC (earliest bath)
Rome on axis with Pantheon
by Marcus Agrippa
*** Aqua Virgo supplies water, is the only remaining aqueduct to survive Goth armies***
Baths of Diocletian
3rd-4th century AD
by Diocletian
Rome
Belvedere, Vatican, Rome - Donato Bramante, architect, precedent/prototype: Temple of Fortuna, Preaneste
1503 - 1513 Pope Julius II (patron)
Boboli Gardens, Florence, 1550
Villa Urbana; Walled garden on the OtraArno. Horses Procession (reversal of movement) splitting + rejoining and comming down a hill - Garden designed to acomodate formal ceremonies + cavalcade of horses
Cahokia Mounds, IL 600-1400AD, Pre-Contact New World
“Woodhenge” - 48 posts marked the position of the sun throughout the year
“Monk’s Mound” - a cosmic mountain - meant to be walked up and over
central ceremonial space
(Capitoline Hill) in Rome. Pope Paul III, Patron. Michelangelo. 1536
exemplifies renaissance ideals, geometry, sight lines to vatican, first use of the perspective
Chaharbagh in a Persian Garden carpet. 17th century
Canopus, Hadrian’s Villa
118-138 AD, near Tivoli
Chauvet Cave, Paleolithic,
30,000BC
Chauvet Cave, Rhone Valley
30,000 BC Paleolithic
Cloaca Maxima
7th century BC
Velabrum/Forum Valley, Rome
Cloister Garth - Medieval monastic garden planted at the heart of the monastery. Meant for walking around in quiet contemplation, prayer. Usually planted with maintained turf (green symbol of rebirth and everlasting life) or an occasional symbolic pine or juniper and always water in the form of a fountain or washing place.
Pictured: Cloister of Salisbury
Court of the Myrtles
Alhambra Palace
Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492)
Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)
Court of the Lions
Alhambra Palace
Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492)
Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)
Hypostyle!!! (I had it misspelled!), Cordoba
Mezquita and Court of the Orange Trees
Cordoba, Spain (al-Andalus)
976 AD
Emir Abd al-Rahman
Moorish
Built on top of Christian city on top of Roman ruins (1st c. Roman temple became 5th c. Christian Church became 7th c. 1/2 church 1/2 mosque became 784 new mosque became 1236 Christian cathedral inside mosque)
Nippur, Babylonia, 1500BC, Bronze Age
***Record keeping!*** first map, cunniform tablet / cylindrical press
Daoulas Abbey, Finistrere, Brittany
1163-1167
fish pond, protective wall, fields worked by monks * example of an enclosed garden in Medieval times
Damascus, Greek,
Greek Grid, Temple to Zeus, Hippodome, Agora
Greece - Delphi, Temple to Apollo
Long period during Bronze Age
Greece
Domus Augustus
around 31 BC
Palatine Hill, Rome (urban villa)
by Augustus
Domus Aurea
Emporer Nero golden house
built- 64-68 AD
Domus Aurea “Golden House”, Emperor Nero
64 AD, built after fire destroyed portion of Rome on Palantine Hill
Nero’s villa/city built on former working class settlement destroyed by fire and where the Colosseum was later built, brings the world in, wealth displayed by importing landscape rather than jewelry,
Doric temple
Pompii’
6th century BC under the Greek
Example of Egyptian gardens: regular order due to irrigation in straight lines dictating rectolinear form. (Picture from Tomb of Nebamun near Luxor.)
Earthworks, Newark, OH 100BC-400AD
“Pre-Discovery New World”
largest earthworks in the world
Garden of Eden
Four rivers of Paradise // Tigris, Euphrates, – Paradise existed in the East
Irrigation created blooming paradise in middle of desert
Garden of Palazzo Piccolomini. Pienza, Italy. 1459.
Walled garden not seen from the outside but can see the outside domain. Garden can be viewed from above.
Generalife
Alhambra Palace
Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492)
Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)
Giza Pyramids, Egypt
Old Kingdom 2600-2520 BC
For Pharoah Khufu
Grotto
natural or artificial cave
grotto of Egeria - attributted to the nymph that playes a role in the history og rome as the consoltent of the secong king of rome Numa Pompilius
Villa Hadriana, near Tivoli, 120-130AD
Roman Emperor Hadrian
Emperor traveled a lot - people believe the villa a museum of buildings from around the world
Maritime Theatre (pictured)
(Cardinal Ippolito II d’Este had much of the marble and statues in Hadrian’s Villa removed to decorate his own Villa d’Este located nearby.)
Grotto of Egeria ~143 AD, Rome
“Capture and monumentalize a natural spring”
Herodes Atticus (Greek aristocrat, Roman consul) recast an inherited villa nearby as a great landscaped estate, the natural grotto was formalized as an arched interior with an apsidal end where a statue of Egeria (mythical nymph) once stood in a niche;
Egypt - Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary complex
New Kingdom 1500 BC
Deir el-Bahari Thebes
Egypt - Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary complex
New Kingdom 1500 BC
Dedicated to sun god Amon-Ra - axial view of Karnak
Deir el-Bahari Thebes
Horns of Consecration, in the propylaea Knossus, Crete, 1600BC
Borrowed scenery - frames Mt Jouktas
House of Livia, Prima Porta suburb, Rome
Livia (58 BCE–29 CE) Wife of Augustus, First Roman Emperor
she brought the garden inside with her frescoes
House of the Vetti, Pompeii
around 62 AD
Atrium/Courtyard Garden // a peristyle is a columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court that may contain an internal garden.
Many gardens had impluvium,
The Ideal City, Pietro della Francesca, 1470
Sforzinda, the Ideal City, Pietro Averlino (Filarete), circa 1469
Egypt - Karnak
New Kingdom 1550 - 1069 BC
Thebes
Very sacred site and very old
Karst topogrpahy in Greece was reason for abudant water supply
Springs emerge and become SACRED
Minoan - Knossus, Crete
Bronze Age 1600 BC
Laid out toward a sacred site.
Bull leaping place, horns in propylaea
Lascaux Cave
18000 BC, Neolithic
Neolithic Revolution - Agricultural Revolution took the world by storm!
Dordogne Region, France
Egypt - Luxor
New Kingdom 1550 - 1069 BC
Thebes
Sphinx path axially connecting Luxor and Karnak.
Processional route for festivals planted
Manorial lands at Cuxham, England.
12-18th Century.
Manor house central. This strategy of land division existed throughout England. lords + serfs // agricultural open field system + hunting parks
Villager’s land-holding was not a complete block but in strips - to insure that each person had equal share of superior/inferior land
furlong
“Menic Alignment”
Menhirs - 3,000 Standing Stones , Carnac, France
3,600-1,200 BC
probably placed by agricultural society,
Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep
Middle Kingdom 2050 BC
Deir el-Bahari, Thebes
Greece - Miletus
479 BC
Greece
Built using grid, aquaduct needed since surrounded by salt water
Monpazier.
English Bastide town in SW France. 1285.
Double plazas. One for the church, the other for the public. Defensible.
Mt Olympus - Home to the Greek Gods:
Zeus + Hera ===
Apollo (music, poetry, knowledge, sun, light, oracle)
Athena (wisdom, architecture, warfare, divine intelligence)
Poseidon (water)
Hephaestus (fire)
Mount Parnassus
Sacred to God Apollo, Corycian Nymphs reside at sacred Spring
Site for Delphi and the Oracle
Becomes important thread taken up in Renaissance gardens (Villa de’ Medici, Villa Lante)
Mycenean - Mycenae
1600 - 1000 BC, Bronze Age
Greece
Lion gate, lots of gold
Fortified vs Egyptian not
Neolithic Revolution / Ag Revolution 12000 BC
ag surplus
labor force
technology
priestly class
celestial observations
mark + organization
Nippur, 1500 BC
First written record is an irrigation and property map
Maps - priestly class in charge - happened to
Nishat Bagh Axon, 1620 AD, Lake Dal, Kashmir, India
attributed to Asaf Khan
12 sections of garden: pleasure garden and women’s garden (Zenana). 12 terraces, one for each zodiac
Palace of Ashurbanipal (ca 668-627 BC)
Palace on mound, surrounded by date palms, water supplied by aqueduct
built up of mud brick - connection with the past
Noria - waterwheel. Raises water from a living body of water.
Cyrus’s Pasagardae Garden, Iran, 550 BC
Dense trees, roses, cypress planted in abundance PARADISE
Pasagardae Irrigation - Channels with pools at regular intervals
Pasagardae Palace
Cyrus the Great
550 BC
Ancient Persia
Pienza, Italy: Piazza, Palace, Garden, and Church.
Rebuilt by Bernardo Rossollino for Pope Pius (Piccolomini) using model of Ideal City and proportions. Grid carefully calculated.
Plato’s Garden: famed for tree (olive) underwhich he taught
Idea: Seed for the philosophical garden
Campus design: learning center in the garden
Pliny the younger
Albsn hills
Vills sub-urbana
61 - 112 AD
located at seacoast, built at the scale of a city,
Pompeii
8th century BC Oscan
6th century BC Greek
Hellenistic
1st century BC Roman
Greece - Priene
350 BC
Greece
agora and acropolis, ‘stepped’ grid
Prime example of “Greek Colonial Town Planning”
Qanat. Irrigation Tunnel
Qanat - exit
idea of the first fountain
Ram Bagh
Yamuna River, Agra, India
Emperor Babur
1528
Mughal
Roman Forum
675 BC
Rome, Forum
510 BC - 330 AD
See strong public life, gridded, orthagonal
Private residences more organic
Roman Forums
675 BC
plan of downtown Rome, each emperor built their own Forum
Trajan- markets
Saqiya (Sakia) Irrigation
a water wheel, somewhat similar to a noria. It is a large hollow wheel, normally made of galvanized sheet steel, with scoops or buckets at the periphery. Traditionally driven by draught animals, an (animal driven) sakia can pump up water from 10 metres depth, and is thus considerably more efficient than a shadoof (which can only pump water from 3 metres).
Shaduf
Shalamar Bagh
Lake Dal, Kashmir, India
Imperial Palace of Emperor Jahangir
1620
Mughal
Shalamar Bagh - 1620 - Lake Dal, Kashmir, India
Imperial palace of Emperor Jahangir. Strong axis, bi-lateral symmetry, terraced, water causeway along center, dramatic falls at level changes. Throne room was potent symbolism - water flows out of the room and emperor symbollically the master of water.
Plan of St Gall.
Shows an idealised Benedictine monastery
820 AD
Pilgimage Routes in Medieval times. Route shown: Route of Santiago de Compostela
New towns come up from this
St. Peter’s Square
Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), Rome, Papal Urban Project
Moves the ancient obelisk from the side of the church to its front.
Star chart to chart celestial bodies for agriculture
Taj Mahal, 1632-1654
Yamuna River, Agra, India
Tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan, Mughal
“haud al kausar” Tank of abundance (simple square basin) where Muhummad will meet Allah.
Delphi, 1400 BC
On Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollow
Processional path
Temple of Jupiter
Pompeii
built- mid 2nd century BC
Theatre of Pompey, 55 BC, Rome
At the time, it was illegal to build theatres, he built a temple at the top of the theatre and called the seats ‘stairs’. Genius. Garden at entrance with groves of trees.
Timgad, Algeria
100 AD
Roman castra
by Trajan
Ur, Courtyard House, 2100 BC
Courtyard House
prioritizing the private sphere
Iconic Thread: Roman houses
City of Ur, Mesopotamia 2100 BC, Bronze Age
Urban Courtyard Living - Closed to street. Open to atrium & sky
Ur, 2100 BC, Sumarian City
Ziggurat - a cosmic mountain
Perhaps the tower of Babylon? Important thread through Judeo-Christian worldview. Paradise above?
Processional path. Flat landscape. Creation of a sacred mountain
Uruk, White Temple, 3400 BC
Fortification, within mountainous landscape
Raised, like a cosmic mtn
Villa Adriana
in Tibur (Tivoli)
built for emperor Hadrian
second and third decades of the 2nd century AD
important fetures: pool- canopus
grooto- serpeum
maritimetheather
Nymphaeum at Villa Barbaro (di Maser) in Veneto part of Italy
1558 AD
Villa Barbaro (Maser), Andrea Palladio
1558 - 1560 AD
Has nymphaeum in back
Villa D’Este, 1560 - 1572
Cardinal D’Este, Patron // Pirro Ligorio, Architect
ENORMOUS quantity of water; very steep; sequence: meant to move from base/town thru layers of flat landscapes
Sight lines to Rome along axis. Demonstration of power or desire for power.
Villa Emo, Andrea Palladio. Sits in Centuriated Fields (organization of the agricultural land). Claims vistas (1.8miles)
1559 AD
View from Villa Emo
1559
sightlines for 1.8 miles
Villa Farnese at Caprarola, 1550-1573
Cardinal Alessandro Farnese II, patron
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, architect
Sequence of Approach: Enter through woody Bosco/Allee then arrive at beautiful display of water and CATENA (maybe first ever and the distinctive feature)
Villa Farnese at Caprarola, 1550-1573
Cardinal Alessandro Farnese II, patron
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, architect
Water supplied by aqueduct. Sequence of approach: walk through woody Bosco/Allee then arrive at Catena.
Villa Giulia,
North of Rome, East of Tibur River, tucked in a valley
Pope Julius III 1550-55
series of hemicycles seperated by Renaissance facades. Contains a Nymphaeum in lower level - meant to recall a sacred space
Villa Lante
1563 - 1573
Cardinal Gambara (owner)
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, with Tommaso Ghinucci, hydraulic engineer
Villa Lante
1563 - 1573 AD
Cardinal Gambara (Owner)
Villa Medici a Fiesole
1451 -1457
Villa Medici a Fiesole, 1451-57, a villa suburbana - for entertainment.
Michelangelo Michelozzi, architect.
Designed acording to the principles laid out by Alberti (in the Ten Books on Architecture, 1450).
Famous for hanging gardens (i.e. Babylon) -> steep sloped site that is built with a retaining wall. Terracing for luxury.
Villa Medici a Fiesole, 1451-57, a villa suburbana - for entertainment.
One of the earliest Renaissance gardens.
Designed acording to the principles laid out by Alberti (in the Ten Books on Architecture, 1450): gardens should have a view ‘that overlooks the city, the owner’s land, the sea or a great plain, and familiar hills and mountains,’ and that the foreground have ‘the delicacy of gardens.
Famous for hanging gardens (i.e. Babylon) -> steep sloped site that is built with a retaining wall.
Villa Medici di Castello, Cosimo I de’ Medici (patron), begun in 1537. 1st known garden designed to an allegorical program.
Hercules (Cosimo) vs Antaeus (Florence) He controls the city
Plan of Christ Church, Canterbury
1165
Demonstrateds layout and remarkable water system.
Includes several gardens. Cloister garden has gutters to collect water.
Villa Madama, Veneto (outside Venice), ~1513-1528
Pope Leo X & Pope Clement VII // Donato Bramante, architect; Antonio de Sangallo
Botanical Gardens at Padova University, Padova Italy
1565
First Botanical Garden: centers of learning + scientific place of investigation
