Picture Recognition Flashcards

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Papal Urban Projects from the combined power and money of 7 pilgrimage churches

The churches include the four patriarchal basilicas:
St. Peter’s Basilica
Basilica of St. John Lateran
Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Santa Maria Maggiore

They also include three minor basilicas:
San Lorenzo fuori le mura
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore

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2
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Aqua Appia

312 BC, Rome

1st aqueduct

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3
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Agora, Athens, 480-380

Most ‘civilized’ city

Birthplace of Democracy

Public space

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4
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Egypt - Akhetaten IV, Tel el Amarna

New Kingdom 1352 BC

Egypt

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5
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Alhambra Palace and Fortress

Founded 889, rebuilt mid-11th century, made a royal palace in 1333

Nasrid Dynasty

Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)

Moorish

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6
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Egypt - Amenhotep III ‘Temple of a high official’

New Kingdom 1400 BC Egypt

Irrigation in straight lines dictating rectolinear form

Plants functional and provide perfumes, oils, fruit, food

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7
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Aqua Augusta

31 BC

Pompeii

Roman

by Augustus

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7
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Greece - Athens

Birth on acropolis 2800 BC

Heydey = 480 - 380 BC

Greece

Long walls around athens to coast

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8
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Athens Acropolis

Enter on left, view building on the side (the sexiest way to view architecture)

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9
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Mughal Emperor (and founder) Babur (1483-1530) supervising the installation of his garden.

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10
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Balkawara Palace

Samarra, Iraq

849 AD

A prototype hunting garden - a place where wild animals brought for Royals to shoot. Rigorous symmetry along pool.

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11
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Baths of Agrippa

25 BC (earliest bath)

Rome on axis with Pantheon

by Marcus Agrippa

*** Aqua Virgo supplies water, is the only remaining aqueduct to survive Goth armies***

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12
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Baths of Diocletian

3rd-4th century AD

by Diocletian

Rome

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13
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Belvedere, Vatican, Rome - Donato Bramante, architect, precedent/prototype: Temple of Fortuna, Preaneste

1503 - 1513 Pope Julius II (patron)

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14
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Boboli Gardens, Florence, 1550

Villa Urbana; Walled garden on the OtraArno. Horses Procession (reversal of movement) splitting + rejoining and comming down a hill - Garden designed to acomodate formal ceremonies + cavalcade of horses

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15
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Cahokia Mounds, IL 600-1400AD, Pre-Contact New World

“Woodhenge” - 48 posts marked the position of the sun throughout the year

“Monk’s Mound” - a cosmic mountain - meant to be walked up and over

central ceremonial space

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16
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(Capitoline Hill) in Rome. Pope Paul III, Patron. Michelangelo. 1536

exemplifies renaissance ideals, geometry, sight lines to vatican, first use of the perspective

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16
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Chaharbagh in a Persian Garden carpet. 17th century

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16
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Canopus, Hadrian’s Villa

118-138 AD, near Tivoli

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17
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Chauvet Cave, Paleolithic,

30,000BC

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18
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Chauvet Cave, Rhone Valley

30,000 BC Paleolithic

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20
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Cloaca Maxima

7th century BC

Velabrum/Forum Valley, Rome

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20
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Cloister Garth - Medieval monastic garden planted at the heart of the monastery. Meant for walking around in quiet contemplation, prayer. Usually planted with maintained turf (green symbol of rebirth and everlasting life) or an occasional symbolic pine or juniper and always water in the form of a fountain or washing place.

Pictured: Cloister of Salisbury

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21
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Court of the Myrtles

Alhambra Palace

Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492)

Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)

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21
Court of the Lions Alhambra Palace Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492) Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)
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Hypostyle!!! (I had it misspelled!), Cordoba
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Mezquita and Court of the Orange Trees Cordoba, Spain (al-Andalus) 976 AD Emir Abd al-Rahman Moorish Built on top of Christian city on top of Roman ruins (1st c. Roman temple became 5th c. Christian Church became 7th c. 1/2 church 1/2 mosque became 784 new mosque became 1236 Christian cathedral inside mosque)
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Nippur, Babylonia, 1500BC, Bronze Age \*\*\*Record keeping!\*\*\* first map, cunniform tablet / cylindrical press
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Daoulas Abbey, Finistrere, Brittany 1163-1167 fish pond, protective wall, fields worked by monks \* example of an enclosed garden in Medieval times
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Damascus, Greek, Greek Grid, Temple to Zeus, Hippodome, Agora
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Greece - Delphi, Temple to Apollo Long period during Bronze Age Greece
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Domus Augustus around 31 BC Palatine Hill, Rome (urban villa) by Augustus
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Domus Aurea Emporer Nero golden house built- 64-68 AD
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Domus Aurea "Golden House", Emperor Nero 64 AD, built after fire destroyed portion of Rome on Palantine Hill Nero's villa/city built on former working class settlement destroyed by fire and where the Colosseum was later built, brings the world in, wealth displayed by importing landscape rather than jewelry,
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Doric temple Pompii' 6th century BC under the Greek
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Example of Egyptian gardens: regular order due to irrigation in straight lines dictating rectolinear form. (Picture from Tomb of Nebamun near Luxor.)
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Earthworks, Newark, OH 100BC-400AD "Pre-Discovery New World" largest earthworks in the world
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Garden of Eden Four rivers of Paradise // Tigris, Euphrates, -- Paradise **existed** in the East Irrigation created blooming paradise in middle of desert
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Garden of Palazzo Piccolomini. Pienza, Italy. 1459. Walled garden not seen from the outside but can see the outside domain. Garden can be viewed from above.
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Generalife Alhambra Palace Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492) Granada, Spain (al-Andalus)
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Giza Pyramids, Egypt Old Kingdom 2600-2520 BC For Pharoah Khufu
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Grotto natural or artificial cave grotto of Egeria - attributted to the nymph that playes a role in the history og rome as the consoltent of the secong king of rome Numa Pompilius
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Villa Hadriana, near Tivoli, 120-130AD Roman Emperor Hadrian Emperor traveled a lot - people believe the villa a museum of buildings from around the world Maritime Theatre (pictured) (Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este had much of the marble and statues in Hadrian's Villa removed to decorate his own Villa d'Este located nearby.)
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Grotto of Egeria ~143 AD, Rome "Capture and monumentalize a natural spring" Herodes Atticus (Greek aristocrat, Roman consul) recast an inherited villa nearby as a great landscaped estate, the natural grotto was formalized as an arched interior with an apsidal end where a statue of Egeria (mythical nymph) once stood in a niche;
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Egypt - Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary complex New Kingdom 1500 BC Deir el-Bahari Thebes
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Egypt - Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary complex New Kingdom 1500 BC Dedicated to sun god Amon-Ra - axial view of Karnak Deir el-Bahari Thebes
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Horns of Consecration, in the propylaea Knossus, Crete, 1600BC Borrowed scenery - frames Mt Jouktas
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House of Livia, Prima Porta suburb, Rome Livia (58 BCE–29 CE) Wife of Augustus, First Roman Emperor she brought the garden inside with her frescoes
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House of the Vetti, Pompeii around 62 AD Atrium/Courtyard Garden // a peristyle is a columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court that may contain an internal garden. Many gardens had impluvium,
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The Ideal City, Pietro della Francesca, 1470
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Sforzinda, the Ideal City, Pietro Averlino (Filarete), circa 1469
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Egypt - Karnak New Kingdom 1550 - 1069 BC Thebes Very sacred site and very old
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Karst topogrpahy in Greece was reason for abudant water supply Springs emerge and become SACRED
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Minoan - Knossus, Crete Bronze Age 1600 BC Laid out toward a sacred site. Bull leaping place, horns in propylaea
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Lascaux Cave 18000 BC, Neolithic Neolithic Revolution - Agricultural Revolution took the world by storm! Dordogne Region, France
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Egypt - Luxor New Kingdom 1550 - 1069 BC Thebes
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Sphinx path axially connecting Luxor and Karnak. Processional route for festivals planted
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Manorial lands at Cuxham, England. 12-18th Century. Manor house central. This strategy of land division existed throughout England. lords + serfs // agricultural open field system + hunting parks Villager's land-holding was not a complete block but in strips - to insure that each person had equal share of superior/inferior land furlong
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"Menic Alignment" Menhirs - 3,000 Standing Stones , Carnac, France 3,600-1,200 BC probably placed by agricultural society,
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Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep Middle Kingdom 2050 BC Deir el-Bahari, Thebes
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Greece - Miletus 479 BC Greece Built using grid, aquaduct needed since surrounded by salt water
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Monpazier. English Bastide town in SW France. 1285. Double plazas. One for the church, the other for the public. Defensible.
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Mt Olympus - Home to the Greek Gods: Zeus + Hera === Apollo (music, poetry, knowledge, sun, light, oracle) Athena (wisdom, architecture, warfare, divine intelligence) Poseidon (water) Hephaestus (fire)
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Mount Parnassus Sacred to God Apollo, Corycian Nymphs reside at sacred Spring Site for Delphi and the Oracle Becomes important thread taken up in Renaissance gardens (Villa de' Medici, Villa Lante)
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Mycenean - Mycenae 1600 - 1000 BC, Bronze Age Greece Lion gate, lots of gold Fortified vs Egyptian not
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Neolithic Revolution / Ag Revolution 12000 BC ag surplus labor force technology priestly class celestial observations mark + organization
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Nippur, 1500 BC First written record is an irrigation and property map Maps - priestly class in charge - happened to
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Nishat Bagh Axon, 1620 AD, Lake Dal, Kashmir, India attributed to Asaf Khan 12 sections of garden: pleasure garden and women's garden (Zenana). 12 terraces, one for each zodiac
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Palace of Ashurbanipal (ca 668-627 BC) Palace on mound, surrounded by date palms, water supplied by aqueduct built up of mud brick - connection with the past
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Noria - waterwheel. Raises water from a living body of water.
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Cyrus's Pasagardae Garden, Iran, 550 BC Dense trees, roses, cypress planted in abundance PARADISE
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Pasagardae Irrigation - Channels with pools at regular intervals
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Pasagardae Palace Cyrus the Great 550 BC Ancient Persia
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Pienza, Italy: Piazza, Palace, Garden, and Church. Rebuilt by Bernardo Rossollino for Pope Pius (Piccolomini) using model of Ideal City and proportions. Grid carefully calculated.
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Plato's Garden: famed for tree (olive) underwhich he taught Idea: Seed for the philosophical garden Campus design: learning center in the garden
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Pliny the younger Albsn hills Vills sub-urbana 61 - 112 AD located at seacoast, built at the scale of a city,
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Pompeii 8th century BC Oscan 6th century BC Greek Hellenistic 1st century BC Roman
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Greece - Priene 350 BC Greece agora and acropolis, 'stepped' grid Prime example of "Greek Colonial Town Planning"
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Qanat. Irrigation Tunnel
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Qanat - exit idea of the first fountain
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Ram Bagh Yamuna River, Agra, India Emperor Babur 1528 Mughal
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Roman Forum 675 BC
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Rome, Forum 510 BC - 330 AD See strong public life, gridded, orthagonal Private residences more organic
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Roman Forums 675 BC plan of downtown Rome, each emperor built their own Forum Trajan- markets
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Saqiya (Sakia) Irrigation a water wheel, somewhat similar to a noria. It is a large hollow wheel, normally made of galvanized sheet steel, with scoops or buckets at the periphery. Traditionally driven by draught animals, an (animal driven) sakia can pump up water from 10 metres depth, and is thus considerably more efficient than a shadoof (which can only pump water from 3 metres).
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Shaduf
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Shalamar Bagh Lake Dal, Kashmir, India Imperial Palace of Emperor Jahangir 1620 Mughal
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Shalamar Bagh - 1620 - Lake Dal, Kashmir, India Imperial palace of Emperor Jahangir. Strong axis, bi-lateral symmetry, terraced, water causeway along center, dramatic falls at level changes. Throne room was potent symbolism - water flows out of the room and emperor symbollically the master of water.
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Plan of St Gall. Shows an idealised Benedictine monastery 820 AD
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Pilgimage Routes in Medieval times. Route shown: Route of Santiago de Compostela New towns come up from this
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St. Peter's Square Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), Rome, Papal Urban Project Moves the ancient obelisk from the side of the church to its front.
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Star chart to chart celestial bodies for agriculture
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Taj Mahal, 1632-1654 Yamuna River, Agra, India Tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan, Mughal "haud al kausar" Tank of abundance (simple square basin) where Muhummad will meet Allah.
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Delphi, 1400 BC On Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollow Processional path
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Temple of Jupiter Pompeii built- mid 2nd century BC
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Theatre of Pompey, 55 BC, Rome At the time, it was illegal to build theatres, he built a temple at the top of the theatre and called the seats 'stairs'. Genius. Garden at entrance with groves of trees.
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Timgad, Algeria 100 AD Roman castra by Trajan
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Ur, Courtyard House, 2100 BC Courtyard House prioritizing the private sphere Iconic Thread: Roman houses
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City of Ur, Mesopotamia 2100 BC, Bronze Age Urban Courtyard Living - Closed to street. Open to atrium & sky
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Ur, 2100 BC, Sumarian City Ziggurat - a cosmic mountain Perhaps the tower of Babylon? Important thread through Judeo-Christian worldview. Paradise above? Processional path. Flat landscape. Creation of a sacred mountain
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Uruk, White Temple, 3400 BC Fortification, within mountainous landscape Raised, like a cosmic mtn
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Villa Adriana in Tibur (Tivoli) built for emperor Hadrian second and third decades of the 2nd century AD important fetures: pool- canopus grooto- serpeum maritimetheather
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Nymphaeum at Villa Barbaro (di Maser) in Veneto part of Italy 1558 AD
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Villa Barbaro (Maser), Andrea Palladio 1558 - 1560 AD Has nymphaeum in back
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Villa D'Este, 1560 - 1572 Cardinal D'Este, Patron // Pirro Ligorio, Architect ENORMOUS quantity of water; very steep; sequence: meant to move from base/town thru layers of flat landscapes Sight lines to Rome along axis. Demonstration of power or desire for power.
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Villa Emo, Andrea Palladio. Sits in Centuriated Fields (organization of the agricultural land). Claims vistas (1.8miles) 1559 AD
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View from Villa Emo 1559 sightlines for 1.8 miles
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Villa Farnese at Caprarola, 1550-1573 Cardinal Alessandro Farnese II, patron Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, architect Sequence of Approach: Enter through woody Bosco/Allee then arrive at beautiful display of water and ***CATENA*** (maybe first ever and *the* distinctive feature)
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Villa Farnese at Caprarola, 1550-1573 Cardinal Alessandro Farnese II, patron Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, architect Water supplied by aqueduct. Sequence of approach: walk through woody Bosco/Allee then arrive at Catena.
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**Villa Giulia**, North of Rome, East of Tibur River, tucked in a valley Pope Julius III 1550-55 series of hemicycles seperated by Renaissance facades. Contains a Nymphaeum in lower level - meant to recall a sacred space
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Villa Lante 1563 - 1573 Cardinal Gambara (owner) Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, with Tommaso Ghinucci, hydraulic engineer
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Villa Lante 1563 - 1573 AD Cardinal Gambara (Owner)
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Villa Medici a Fiesole 1451 -1457
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Villa Medici a Fiesole, 1451-57, a villa suburbana - for entertainment. Michelangelo Michelozzi, architect. Designed acording to the principles laid out by Alberti (in the Ten Books on Architecture, 1450). Famous for hanging gardens (i.e. Babylon) -\> steep sloped site that is built with a retaining wall. Terracing for luxury.
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Villa Medici a Fiesole, 1451-57, a villa suburbana - for entertainment. One of the earliest Renaissance gardens. Designed acording to the principles laid out by Alberti (in the Ten Books on Architecture, 1450): gardens should have a view 'that overlooks the city, the owner's land, the sea or a great plain, and familiar hills and mountains,' and that the foreground have 'the delicacy of gardens. Famous for hanging gardens (i.e. Babylon) -\> steep sloped site that is built with a retaining wall.
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Villa Medici di Castello, Cosimo I de’ Medici (patron), begun in 1537. 1st known garden designed to an allegorical program. Hercules (Cosimo) vs Antaeus (Florence) He controls the city
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Plan of Christ Church, Canterbury 1165 Demonstrateds layout and remarkable water system. Includes several gardens. Cloister garden has gutters to collect water.
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Villa Madama, Veneto (outside Venice), ~1513-1528 Pope Leo X & Pope Clement VII // Donato Bramante, architect; Antonio de Sangallo
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Botanical Gardens at Padova University, Padova Italy 1565 First Botanical Garden: centers of learning + scientific place of investigation
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