Physiology_Practice Quiz Questions 1 Flashcards
The resting membrane potential in most nerve cells is:
-70 mV
Total body water normally comprises:
60% BW
The extracellular fluid volume of an 80 kg ram is approximately:
16,000 mL
A solution with an osmolarity value lower than normal plasma would be described as:
Hypotonic
The most tightly regulated ion in the body is:
H+
Oncotic pressure specifically refers to osmotic pressure in a blood vessel exerted mostly by:
Proteins such as albumin
During an action potential, the:
Charge inside a cell membrane quickly moves towards positive
This pump is responsible for returning Na+ to pre-action potential concentrations:
Na+/K+ ATPase
Nerves have the ability to transmit extremely quickly if they are:
Large, heavily myelinated, with high membrane resistance
A stimulus will always cause an action potential to occur. True or false?
Flase
The average blood volume in most species is:
70 mL/Kg
The electrical potential difference across a membrane that prevents further diffusion of an ion across the membrane is called:
Equilibrium potential
To determine the number of equivalents in a solution, you must multiply the number of moles/L (or mmol/L) by the particle’s charge (could be 1, 2, 3, etc.). Therefore, if you have 3 mmol/L Ca2+, how many mEq/L do you have?
6 mEq/L
Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials typically use what type of synaptic arrangement?
Many to one
Neuromodulators are not synthesized within cell bodies. True or false?
False
Which type of pressure is usually the dominant pressure that causes fluid containing small solutes to leave blood vessels and enter tissues?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Solution A has an osmolarity of 310 mOsm/L and Solution B has an osmolarity of 325 mOsm/L. In terms of tonicity, how would these solutions be described relative to a normal cell? Which solution has the greatest osmotic pressure?
Both soultions are hypertonic relative to a normal cell, which has an osmolarity of 290-300 mOsm/L. Solution B has the greatest osmotic pressure because it has the higher osmolarity and this, the highest number of osmoles
During a muscle contraction, events occur in the following order:
Depolarization of the sarcolemma membrane, depolarization of the T-tubules
(transverse tubules), Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds
troponin C, tropomyosin moves and allows binding of actin and myosin
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle must all be electrically activated. True or false?
False
Which cytoskeletal protein sets the length of thin filaments?
Nebulin
Which type of summation can result in muscle tetany?
Temporal summation
Reaccumulation of calcium into the SR via the SERCA pump is enough for the heart to relax. True or false?
False
What protein does calcium bind in smooth muscle?
Calmodulin
The latch state allows muscle to maintain tone by remaining in a contracted state without using much ATP. True or false?
true
Which type of synapse uses a single action potential in a motoneuron to cause a single action potential in a muscle fiber?
one to one synpase
Which neurotransmitter binds an ionotropic receptor that is a chloride channel in the CNS?
glycine
Which neurotransmitter uses metabotropic receptors to modulate cell excitability and synaptic transmission via second messenger pathways?
Glutamate
Which part of a neuron receives information from another neuron?
Dendrite
Which type of axon carries action potentials towards the CNS from the skin and retina?
Somatic afferent
The forebrain is capable of sending motor commands directly to the spinal cord instead of going through the brainstem. True or false?
true
Which CNS area has cranial nerve nuclei to control eye movement and induce pupillary constriction?
Midbrain
Which area of the telencephalon formulates and executes sequences of voluntary movement?
cerebral cortex
Which layer of the meninges has a thick layer of fibroblast cells and fuses with the inner surface of bone?
Dura mater
Which area detects the pH of cerebrospinal fluid?
Medulla
Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Which areas are innervated by axons from the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic chain?
Heart, bronchial tree, salivary glands
Which adrenergic receptor causes contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels when stimulated?
Alpha 1
Ganglia of the PSNS are located near, on, or in the effector organs, meaning that postganglionic axons extending to the effector organs are short. True or false?
true
What type of receptors are found on the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in the PSNS?
Nicotinic receptors
Which adrenergic receptor is stimulated during the fight or flight response and is responsible for increasing glucose production, lipolysis, and cardiac functions?
Beta 1
Which second messenger system is used by Beta 1 receptors?
Adenylyl cyclase system
Which second messenger system is used by muscarinic receptors M1, M3, and M5?
Phospholipase C system
Which type of cell in the epidermis provides immune-mediated resistance to ticks for some breeds of cattle?
Langerhans cells
Which skin layer connects skin to muscle and bone, and also can have a thick layer of fat for insulation?
Hypodermis
Which type of sunlight ray is responsible for sunburn?
UVB
Which type of sweat gland secretes a water fluid that is hypotonic to plasma?
Eccrine / merocrine gland
Which leukocyte constantly circulates between blood, tissue, and lymph?
Lymphocyte
Which leukocyte utilizes lactoferrin to deprive phagocytized bacteria of iron?
Neutrophil
Once B cells are activated, they transform into plasma cells and memory B cells. True or false?
true
Erythropoietin is released by the kidneys when more oxygen is needed by tissues. It circulates in blood for less than one day. True or false?
true
What substance is initially released by damaged endothelial cells as platelets start to adhere to the injured site?
Fibronectin
As damaged tissue heals and a clot is removed, what substance degrades fibrin?
Plasmin
In what tissue are albumin, fibrinogen, and most of the globulins synthesized?
Liver
