Exam 4 Practice Quiz Flashcards
Which system is classified as a chemical buffer system that can serve as the first line of defense against shifts in pH?
phosphate buffer system
Which volatile acid presents a daily challenge to the normal pH?
Carbon Dioxide
What happens to plasma bicarbonate concentration during respiratory acidosis?
plasma bicarbonate increases
What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
pH = 7.062
HCO3 = 13 mEq/L
PCO2 = 67 mm Hg
Mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis
What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
pH = 7.521
HCO3 = 36 mEq/L
PCO2 = 55 mm Hg
Metabolic alkalsosis with partial respiratory compensation
What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
pH = 7.221
HCO3 = 8.5 mEq/L
PCO2 = 22 mm Hg
Metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory compensation
Which ganglia in the enteric nervous system is located between the submucosa and circular muscle?
Meissners plexus
Which substance is a GI paracrine involved in stimulating hydrogen ion secretion by gastric parietal cells?
Histamine
Which neuromodulator causes relaxation of smooth muscle and increases intestinal secretions?
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
- VIP
Which route does a hormone take to reach its target tissue?
travels through the blood stream
Which substance is secreted in higher concentrations at high rates of saliva production?
HCO3-
In what area of the stomach does mixing of digesta occur?
Caudad region
What is secreted by mucous neck cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach?
mucous
What two substances form the barrier to damage by acid and pepsin in the gastric mucosa? Choose all that apply.
Bicarbonate
Mucous
Which portion of pancreatic secretions is stimulated by products of digestion?
Enzymatic
What substances in bile function to emulsify lipids for digestion and assist in absorbing lipid products of digestion?
Bile salts
How are glucose, galactose, and fructose absorbed from the enterocyte into blood?
GLUT 2
Which enzyme is released by the pancreas and is an endopeptidase?
Chymotrypsin
How is free iron transported from the enterocyte into blood?
Ferroportin
Which hormone influences sodium absorption and potassium secretion in cells of the colon?
Aldesterone
Which substance is secreted in exchange for chloride absorption in enterocytes of the ileum?
HCO3-
During the absorptive phase in the liver, which compound leaves the mitochondria and contributes to fatty acid synthesis?
Citrate
What do true carnivores primarily use for gluconeogenesis?
Glucogenic amino acids
During the post-absorptive phase, which amino acid is used by the skeletal muscle to transfer nitrogen (amino acid group) to the liver as it transaminates branched-chain amino acids for energy?
Alanine
What is the main precursor for gluconeogenesis in ruminants?
Propionate
Where will fixed acids ultimately be excreted?
a. Kidneys
b. Lungs
c. Liver
A
Which equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffered solution?
a. Anion gap equation
b. Stewart acid-base equation
c. Strong anion gap equation
d. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
D
What will the relative pK value be for a weak acid such as H2CO3?
a. Low pK value
b. High pK value
B
What is a major intracellular buffer, particularly in blood?
a. Inorganic phosphates
b. Plasma proteins
c. Hemoglobin
C
If a primary disturbance occurs in HCO3
-, what is the disturbance in acid-base considered
to be?
a. Respiratory
b. Metabolic
B
If more than one acid-base disorder is present, it is called a mixed acid-base disorder.
True or false?
t
Metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in bicarbonate and also a gain in:
a. Volatile acids
b. Fixed acids
B
What can lead to respiratory acidosis?
a. Hypoventilation
b. Hyperventilation
A
If the acid-base disturbance is metabolic, then the compensatory response is respiratory
to adjust the PCO2. True or false?
t
The compensatory response is never in the same direction as the original disturbance.
True or false?
The anion gap consists of anions that are not measured. True or false?
t
If the anion gap is increased, it could indicate a loss of bicarbonate and a subsequent
increase in unmeasured anions. True or false?
t
What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
Result A
pH 7.221
HCO3 32
PCO2 62
Respiratory acidosis
with partial metabolic compensation
What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
Result A Result B Result C
pH 7.221 7.021 7.164
HCO3 8 11 8
PCO2 22 43 62
A: metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation
B: Metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation
C: Mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis
What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
Result A Result B
pH 7.521 7.812
HCO3 38 38
PCO2 45 22
A: metabolic alkalosis without respiratory compensation
B: Mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis
You are given the following set of values for a dog with abdominal distress. What is the
diagnosis?
pH = 7.37
PCO2 = 34 mm Hg
HCO3 = 25 mEq/L
a. Primary metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
b. Primary metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
c. Primary respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis
d. Normal acid-base status
D
A cat has diarrhea and the following set of values from arterial blood. What is the
diagnosis?
pH = 7.27
PCO2 = 22 mm Hg
HCO3 = 14.3 mEq/L
PO2 = 90 mm Hg
BE = -12.5 mEq/L
a. Metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis (mixed acidosis)
b. Primary metabolic alkalosis with partial respiratory compensation
c. Primary metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
d. Metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis (mixed alkalosis)
C
In the GIT wall, which part of the mucosal layer has absorptive and secretory functions?
a. Epithelial cells
b. Lamina propria
c. Muscularis mucosa
d. Collagen
A
In the GIT wall, which muscle layer is thick and has many nerves?
a. Circular muscle layer
b. Longitudinal muscle layer
c. Deep fascial muscle layer
d. Endomysial muscle layer
A
Which ganglia in the GIT wall is also known as Auerbach’s plexus?
a. Submucosal plexus
b. Meissner’s plexus
c. Myenteric plexus
C
The intrinsic nervous system is contained within the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of
the GIT and is also known as the:
a. Extrinsic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Intrinsic nervous system
C
In the GIT, postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system may be
peptidergic and therefore release substances such as substance P. True or false?
t
In the GIT postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system can either synapse on
the myenteric or submucosal plexuses or directly innervate smooth muscle, endocrine or
secretory cells. True or false?
t
Which substance is considered a neuromodulator within the GIT?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
c. Norepinephrine
d. Pancreatic polypeptide
B
Which substance is considered a major paracrine hormone?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Substance P
c. Somatostatin
d. Secretin
C
Which substance is considered a neurocrine substance?
a. Histamine
b. Gastrin-releasing peptide
c. Gastrin
d. Cholecystokinin
B
Little gastrin is secreted between meals and at low basal levels. True or false?
FALSE, BIG GASTRIC IS SECRETED BETWEEN MEALS
Which GI hormone causes contraction of the gallbladder?
a. Cholecystokinin
b. Gastrin
c. Motilin
d. Enteroglucagon
A
Which GI hormone stimulates secretion of biliary and pancreatic bicarbonate?
a. Glucagon-like peptide 1
b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Gastrin
B
Which substance will stimulate insulin secretion?
a. Pancreatic polypeptide
b. Enteroglucagon
c. Gastric-inhibitory peptide
d. Somatostatin
C
Which substance self-regulates pancreatic secretions; i.e., will inhibit pancreatic secretion of
bicarbonate and enzymes?
a. Glucagon-like peptide 1
b. Pancreatic polypeptide
c. Secretin
d. Gastric-inhibitory peptide
B
What substance is released by orexigenic neurons in the feeding center of the brain?
a. Pro-opiomelanocortin
b. Peptide YY
c. Leptin
d. Neuropeptide Y
D
Which substance stimulates anorexigenic neurons, thereby decreasing appetite?
a. Leptin
b. Ghrelin
c. Neuropeptide Y
d. Enteroglucagon
A
Neural and hormonal input can influence the frequency of slow waves in the GIT. True or
false?
FALSE, NEURAL AND HORMONAL CAN ONLY INFLUENCE STRENGTH OF THE CONTRACTIONS IN SLOW WAVES
In which area of the GIT wall do slow waves originate?
a. Submucosal plexus
b. Circular muscle
c. Myenteric plexus
d. Longitudinal muscle
C
Which event occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
a. Tongue forces bolus towards pharynx
b. Food is propelled through esophagus to stomach
c. Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
C
Which area of the stomach has the strongest contractions?
a. Orad region
b. Caudad region
c. Fundic region
B
The vagovagal reflex has a role in relaxation of the orad stomach to receive a food bolus.
True or false?
t
Waves of contractions in the stomach become very vigorous as they reach the pylorus, at
which point retropulsion occurs to further mix and reduce particle size. True or false?
t
Which substance increases the force of slow waves in the stomach?
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Gastric-inhibitory peptide
A
With what type of contractions in the large intestine are haustra associated?
a. Segmentation contractions
b. Peristaltic contractions
c. Primary contractions
d. Secondary contractions
A
Which salivary gland secretes a mostly aqueous fluid with ions and enzymes?
a. Sublingual gland
b. Submandibular gland
c. Parotid gland
C
Which duct in the salivary gland contains ductal cells that modify saliva?
a. Acinar duct
b. Striated duct
c. Intercalated duct
d. Serous duct
B
Kallikrein is an enzyme that regulates blood flow in the salivary gland. True or false?
t
Which substance is lower in saliva compared to plasma?
a. Potassium
b. Bicarbonate
c. Sodium
d. Hydrogen
C
Which substance is secreted into saliva?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Chloride
d. Hydrogen
A
Ductal cells are permeable to water. True or false?
FALSE, DUCTAL CELLS ARE INPERMABLE TO WATER , SO WATER IS NOT ABSORBED AND SALIVA IS HYPOTONIC
Which species has salivary amylase?
a. Cattle
b. Dogs
c. Horses
d. Pigs
D
Salivary secretions are stimulated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems.
t
Which cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach release intrinsic factor?
a. Chief cells
b. Parietal cells
c. Mucous neck cells
d. G cells
B
What is secreted by G cells in the antrum of the stomach?
a. HCl
b. Intrinsic factor
c. Pepsinogen
d. Gastrin
D
What transporter pumps H ions into the gastric lumen?
a. H+/K+ antiporter
b. Na+/H+ antiporter
c. H+/HCO3- antiporter
d. H+/Cl- symporter
A
While Ach and gastrin stimulate HCl release from the stomach, they both also stimulate
histamine release. True or false?
t
During the gastric phase of HCl secretion, distention of the stomach and presence of protein
will both stimulate HCl release via gastrin. True or false?
t
What substance will indirectly inhibit HCl secretion by inhibiting both histamine and gastrin
release?
a. Somatostatin
b. Acetylcholine
c. Secretin
d. Gastrin
A
What enzyme is used by H. pylori to increase the pH of its local environment in the
stomach?
a. Carbonic anhydrase
b. Protease
c. Urease
d. Pepsin
C
Which pancreatic cells secrete the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice?
a. Acinar cells
b. Ductal cells
c. Centroacinar cells
d. intercalated cells
A
Which enzyme(s) is/are stored and secreted as zymogen granules?
a. Amylase
b. Proteases
c. Lipases
B
Bile salts only help to emulsify lipids entering the SI – they do not help with absorption of
lipids. True or false?
FALSE, BILE SALTS ALSO HELP TO FORM MICELLES
Where are most bile salts reabsorbed?
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Proximal LI
C
What type of cells in the intestine secrete mucus?
a. Epithelial cells
b. Enterocytes
c. Goblet cells
d. G cells
C
Which species consumes a natural diet high in cellulose?
a. Chickens
b. Dogs
c. Horses
d. Cats
C
In what form must digested carbohydrates be absorbed into the enterocyte?
a. Polysaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Oligosaccharides
d. Monosaccharides
D
Which enzyme cleaves bonds of oligosaccharides released from starch?
a. α-amylase
b. α-dextrinase
c. Maltase
d. Sucrase
B
Which enzyme is strictly a microbial enzyme?
a. Cellulase
b. Lactase
c. α-dextrinase
d. Maltase
A
What process is used for moving fructose from the lumen of the SI into the enterocyte?
a. H+/fructose co-transporter
b. Na+/fructose co-transporter
c. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 5
d. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 2
C
Lactose intolerance results in osmotic diarrhea. True or false?
t
Which species has a dietary protein requirement only?
a. Horses
b. Cattle
c. Dog
d. Chicken
B
A major role of HCl in the stomach is to cause unfolding of protein for exposure to pepsin.
True or false?
t
What enzyme coagulates milk and reduces rate of passage in the gastric stomach
(abomasum) of young ruminants?
a. Rennin
b. Renin
c. Pepsin
d. Trypsin
A
What enzyme is present at the brush border membrane and releases amino acids from
peptides for absorption?
a. Carboxypeptidase A
b. Elastase
c. Chymotrypsin
d. Aminopeptidase
D
The enterocyte can only absorb amino acids. True or false?
What transporter is defective or missing from the SI or kidneys in animals with cystinuria?
a. Na+/amino acid co-transporter
b. H+/di- and tri-peptide co-transporter
c. Amino acid channel
d. Na+/K+ ATPase
A
What substance(s) is/are important for emulsification of lipids in the small intestine?
a. Lipase
b. Colipase
c. Bile salts
C
What enzyme is necessary for digestion of triglycerides by lipase?
a. Phospholipase A2
b. Colipase
c. Cholesterol ester hydrolase
d. Gastric lipase
B
How are lipid products packaged in the SI lumen in preparation for absorption into the
enterocyte?
a. Emulsion droplet
b. Micelle
c. Chylomicron
d. Vesicle
B
Chylomicrons are absorbed from the enterocyte into the vascular capillaries. True or false?
Where are apoproteins located on the chylomicron?
AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF THE CHYLOMICRON, AS IT HELPS SOLUBILITY
If the acidity of the chyme entering the SI is not neutralized, why is this a problem?
IF ACIDIC CONTENTS ARENT NEUTRALIZED, PANCREATIC ENZYMES WILL BE INACTIVATED AND DIGESTION CAN’T OCCUR
How are most water-soluble vitamins absorbed in the SI?
a. Na+/dependent co-transport
b. H+/dependent co-transport
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Vitamin channel
A
What is required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the SI?
INTRINSIC FACTOR
What is the form of vitamin D found in the liver?
a. Cholecalciferol
b. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
c. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
B
To what must iron bind in the enterocyte for transport into the blood?
a. Transferrin
b. Ferritin
c. Apoferritin
d. Heme
C
t is important to reabsorb GIT secretions because these fluids comprise a substantial
fraction of the ECF volume. True or false?
t
Where are tight junctions “tight” within the GIT?
a. Stomach
b. Duodenum
c. Jejunum
d. Ileum
A
How is Na+ absorbed in the jejunum?
a. Na+/H+ co-transporter
b. Na+/Cl- exchanger
c. Na+ dependent co-transporter (sugars, AA)
d. Na+/HCO3
- exchanger
C
Where does net absorption of NaCl occur?
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Colon
C
Where is Na+ absorption and K+ secretion “fine-tuned?”
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Colon
D
What type of ion channel in the SI apical membrane is influenced by hormones,
neurotransmitters, and toxins?
a. Cl-
b. Na+
c. K+
d. H2O
A
After stored glycogen in the liver is depleted, what process will begin in order to maintain
normal blood glucose levels?
a. Glycogenesis
b. Gluconeogenesis
c. Glycogenolysis
d. Glucogenolysis
B
