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G2 2017-2018 > Physiology - Stress & the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Physiology - Stress & the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A

Conscious thinking and executive functioning

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2
Q

What is the main role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulate/maintain our body’s homeostasis

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3
Q

How does the cerebral cortex send information to the temporal lobe of the brain?

A
  1. Gathers information and processes it2. Projects information via hard-wired neuronal projection pathways in the cingulate gyrus
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4
Q

What are the 2 structures of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Hippocampus2. Amygdala
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5
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in response to the information sent by the cerebral cortex?

A

Attach a memory to the information sent by the cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in response to the information sent by the cerebral cortex?

A

Attach as emotion to the information sent by the cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Where does the info sent by the cerebral cortex go once it is process by the temporal lobe? What happens there?

A

Hypothalamus: mammillary bodies that distribute the info to the appropriate nuclei

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8
Q

What happens once the hypothalamus responds to the info sent by the cerebral cortex?

A

It sends info back to the cerebral cortex so that it can be aware of the body’s reaction and can regulate the amount of information it will send to the HT in the future (either quiet or stimulate it)

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system correspond to?

A

Fight or flight

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10
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system correspond to?

A

Rest and digest

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11
Q

How is the SNS regulated during stress?

A

CRH HT neurons project down to spinal cord and make synaptic contact with SNS centers

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12
Q

What is the pathway from stress to cortisol?

A

Stressors –> HT –> CRH –> Pit —> ACTH –> Adrenal cortex –> Cortisol

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13
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system (SNS) regulate the stress response?

A

Adrenal medulla produces norepi and epi in response to SNS and high cortisol which act on tissues to increase blood flow, skeletal muscle strength/contraction, heart rate, and respiration rate

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14
Q

How do the SNS and HPA axis provide an integrated response to stress?

A

SNS acts on tissues while HPA axis provides cortisol to provide energy (glucose) for the SNS response

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15
Q

What are the 7 effects of CRH as an NT in the brain?

A
  1. Increase locomotor activity in familiar photocell environments2. Acoustic startle response3. Increase responsiveness to stress in open field test4. Axiogenic-like effects (anxiety for focus)5. Enhanced suppression of responding to conditioned emotional response test6. Dose-dependent facilitation of stress induced fighting (defense to offense switch)7. Dose-dependent place and taste aversion
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16
Q

What is the acoustic startle response?

A

Immediately orienting our head toward loud noise source

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17
Q

How does stress affect your appetite?

A

Short acute CRH levels: increaseConsistently high CRH levels: CRH becomes an anorexigenic agent

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18
Q

How is CRH related to clinical depression?

A

Constant high CRH levels drive clinical depression

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19
Q

What types of symptoms can inappropriately high levels of CRH cause?

A

Cushing’s like symptoms

20
Q

What is a common treatment option for inflammatory diseases or organ transplants causing excess levels of CRH? What can be the side effects of this treatment?

A

Exogenous glucocorticoids to increase appetite and cause negative long feedback loop to hypo Side effects: elevated glucose can lead to hyperinsulemia and potentially Type 2 diabetes and excessive feeding can lead to increase in fat mass

21
Q

How does administering exogenous glucocorticoids cause an increase in appetite?

A
  1. Negative feedback on CRH2. Decrease of POMC3. Decrease of alpha-melanocyte secreting hormone4. Increase in neuropeptideY (NPY) = stimulates appetite and feeding
22
Q

Other than stress, what other 5 states are associated with an increase in the HPA axis?

A
  1. Anorexia nervosa2. Excessive exercise3. Type 2 diabetes4. PMS5. Cushing’s syndrome
23
Q

What happens when chronic HPA axis activation is left untreated? Why? 4 steps

A

It morphs into decreased HPA axis associated diseased states:1. Adrenal cortex cannot meet the high demands2. The body views itself as having a relative deficiency in cortisol3. Increase CRH levels 4. Clinical depression

24
Q

What are 5 disorders associated with a decreased HPA activation?

A
  1. Chronic fatigue syndrome2. Post-partum depression3. Fibromalgya4. PTSD5. Rheumatoid arthritis
25
Q

What is the “young pattern” of resiliency?

A

Cortisol levels return to baseline after stress

26
Q

What does a loss of resiliency mean? What does this lead to?

A

Cortisol levels do not return to baseline after stressLeads to impaired memory because high levels of cortisol damage hippocampus neurons

27
Q

How does cortisol affect the immune system? Overall and 2 detailed way?

A

Overall: ongoing high levels of cortisol will impair every aspect or function of the immune system

28
Q

How can high cortisol levels affect the ovaries?

A

Increased cortisol –> increased glucose –> increased insulin –> targets thecal and stromal cells of the ovary –> increase in androgen production –> virilization and potential cessation of menstrual cycle

29
Q

What is polysystic ovarian disease? Most common symptom? Cause?

A

Most common reproductive disorder among women of reproductive age. Most common symtom: infertilityCause: increase in stress/obesity = increase in cortisol = increase in insulin/IGF-1 = ovaries secrete elevated androgens

30
Q

How does chronic stress affect the GI tract? (stomach and colon)

A

SNS takes over PSNS: 1. Stomach: decreases contractility and emptying ability (bloating)2. Colon: increased gut motility, contraction, material transit and urge/frequency of defecation AND even potential sloughing of inner cell lining leading to diarrhea leading to new food allergies because antigens can now pass through and interact with immune system

31
Q

How does stress affect arterial vessels? Short term and long term?

A

Short term: cortisol causes increased SNS outflow causing smooth muscle cells in arterial vessels to contract leading to vasoconstrictionLong-term: smooth muscle cell hypertrophy = more narrow lumen of blood vessels = increased BP

32
Q

How can stress increase risk for heart attack in middle-aged men?

A

They already have atherosclerotic plaques in the lumen of their vessels so a stressful event or chronic stress can cause even more vasoconstriction in coronary arteries leading to heart attack

33
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repeating DNA sequences that help protect chromosomes

34
Q

When do telomeres shorten?

A

With age

35
Q

How can one prevent telomere shortening? 3 ways. How does this work?

A
  1. Stress management2. Low fat diet3. Aerobic exercise=>increases telomerase activity, which helps lengthen telomeres
36
Q

How does stress affect the aging process?

A

It shortens telomeres leading to aging

37
Q

Does stress cause cancer?

A

NOPE

38
Q

How does stress affect cancer?

A

Chronic stress has been shown to cause a tumor to metastatize in mice studies

39
Q

What role do cytokines play in the stress response?

A

Chronic stress leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg: IL-1 and TNF alpha) in the hypo which stimulate CRH neurons leading to increased cortisol and SNS outflow

40
Q

What is another name for cytokines?

A

Interleukins

41
Q

How does stress affect the release of other hypo neurohormones?

A

+ SS = -TSH/-GH

42
Q

What part of the HPA axis stimulates catecholamine synthesis?

A

CRH and cortisol!

43
Q

What kind of foods are preferred when hunger is stimulated by NPY?

A

Sugary and fatty foods

44
Q

What cells are cytokines made by in the brain?

A

Glial cells

45
Q

How does ACTH regulate cytokine secretion? Purpose?

A

Inhibits them to protect from autoimmune disease

G2 2017-2018 (45 decks)

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