Anatomy - Osteology and Joints Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 components of the skeletal system?
A
- Bones 2. Joints 3. Tendons 4. Ligaments 5. Cartilage 6. Teeth
2
Q
Functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Provides shape and form for our bodies2. Protects vital organs3. Body movement by attachment to muscles 4. Produces blood cells (bone marrow)5. Mineral storage area
3
Q
2 minerals stored in the bone?
A
Calcium and phosphate
4
Q
How many bones in the adult human body?
A
206
5
Q
More or less bones in children?
A
More
6
Q
What are the 2 parts of the skeletal system? Describe each.
A
- Axial: bones that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk2. Appendicular: bones that anchor appendages to the axial skeleton
7
Q
List the 4 parts of the axial skeleton.
A
- Skull2. Sternum3. Ribs4. Vertebral column
8
Q
List the parts of the appendicular skeleton.
A
- Upper limbs2. Lower limbs3. Shoulder girdle4. Pelvic girdle
9
Q
What are bones?
A
Organ-calcified, living, connective tissue
10
Q
3 types of cells in bone? What does each do?
A
- Osteoblasts: form bone2. Osteoclasts: resorb or break down bone3. Osteocytes: mature bone cells
11
Q
What are the 3 constituents of bone?
A
- Intercellular calcified matrix2. Collagen fibers3. Several cell types
12
Q
What causes an osteoblast to mature into an osteocyte?
A
When it has formed all of the bone it could
13
Q
How does the number of osteocytes in our bones change as we age?
A
Increases
14
Q
How does the number of osteoblasts in our bones change as we age?
A
Decreases
15
Q
What 2 hormones regulate the blood concentration of calcium? How do they work?
A
- Calcitonin: activate osteoblasts 2. Parathyroid: activate osteoclasts
16
Q
What bone cell type does growth hormone affect?
A
Activates osteoblasts
17
Q
What bone cell type does estrogen affect?
A
Inhibits osteoclasts
18
Q
What bone issue does menopause cause?
A
Osteoporosis (loss of bone density) because osteoclasts are no longer inhibited by estrogen
19
Q
Describe the outside vs inside of bones?
A
Outside: dense - little to no space between matrix and cellsInside: less dense
20
Q
What 4 hormones affect bone cells?
A
- Calcitonin2. Parathyroid3. Growth hormone4. Estrogen
21
Q
What are the 2 bone types?
A
- Compact2. Spongy
22
Q
Describe compact bone.
A
Outer shell of all of the bones that is more dense
23
Q
% weight of bone formed by compact bone?
A
80%
24
Q
Function of compact bone?
A
Bone strength and rigidity
25
Describe spongy bone.
Less dense and consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells
26
What are bones classified by?
1. Shape2. Compact/Spongy content
27
Do most bones contain both compact and spongy bone types?
YUP
28
2 functions of spongy bone?
1. Lighter to allow for movement2. Space for bone marrow
29
Which skeleton has more compact bone?
Axial
30
Which skeleton has more spongy bone?
Appendicular
31
2 bones of the head?
1. Cranium2. Mandible
32
3 bones of the upper limbs?
1. Humerus2. Radius3. Ulna
33
3 bones of the hands?
1. Carpals (wrists)2. Metacarpals (palm)3. Phalanges (fingers)
34
2 bones of shoulder girdle?
1. Clavicle (collar bone)2. Scapula (shoulder blade)
35
2 bones of the trunk?
1. Sternum2. Ribs
36
4 bones of the lower limbs?
1. Femur2. Patella3. Tibia4. Fibula
37
In the leg which bone is more medial: tibia or fibula?
Tibia
38
3 bones of feet?
1. Tarsals (ankle)2. Metatarsals (foot)3. Phalanges (toes)
39
3 bones of pelvis? Describe their location.
1. Ilium: most superior bone2. Pubis: inferior and anterior3. Ischium: inferior and posterior
40
Are the 3 bones of the pelvis separate bones?
NOPE - they fuse in adults
41
What is the bone of the bottom segment of the vertebra?
Sacrum
42
What does the sacrum attach to?
Pelvic bones
43
What bone attaches inferior to the sacrum? 2 names
Tail bone = coccyx
44
Biggest and heaviest long bone of body?
Femur
45
Which bone attaches to humerus superiorly?
Scapula
46
At what part does the clavicle attach to the scapula?
Acromion
47
Which is the largest bone of the pelvis?
Ilium
48
Describe long bones.
1. Longer than they are wide2. Long shaft with 2 bulky ends 3. Primarily compact bone and with some spongy in bulky ends
49
List 9 long bones.
1. Clavicle2. Humerus3. Radius4. Ulna5. Femur6. Tibia7. Fibula8. Metacarpals9. Phalanges
50
Describe short bones.
1. Cuboidal-vertical and horizontal dimensions are roughly equal2. Primarily spongy bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
51
List 2 short bones.
1. Carpals2. Tarsals
52
What are the types of bone?
1. Long bones2. Short bones3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones5. Sesamoid bones
53
Describe flat bones.
1. Thin, flat sheets 2. Two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone
54
List 4 flat bones.
1. Skull 2. Ribs3. Sternum4. Scapula
55
Describe irregular bones.
1. Bones that don't fit in other 3 categories2. Usually spongy bone covered in small compact sheath
56
List 3 irregular bones.
1. Face2. Vertebra3. Pelvis
57
Describe sesamoid bones.
1. Round or oval 2. Found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
58
List 3 places where sesamoid bones are found?
1. Hand2. Knee3. Foot
59
What kind of bone if the patella?
Sesamoid bone
60
Function of sesamoid bones?
Protect the tendon and joint and increase its mechanical effect
61
Do bones have pain receptors?
NOPE
62
Where does pain come from when we break a bone?
Periosteum rupture or pull
63
What is the periosteum?
Highly innervated and vascularized membrane that covers all of the bones
64
Role of periosteum when bone is fractured?
Brings blood, cells, and nutrients to fix the fracture
65
Describe cartilage.
Not as strong as bone but not as elastic as muscle
66
Functions of cartilage?
1. Supports soft tissues2. Provides a smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations at joints3. Enable the development and growth of long bones
67
Where does bone growth happen?
Area between cartilage and bone
68
What does cartilage consists of?
Extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix
69
What does the amount of kind of extracellular fibers in the cartilage matrix depend on?
The type of cartilage
70
What kind of cartilage is found in synovial joints?
Hyaline cartilage
71
Describe the cartilage found in weight-bearing areas.
Inextensible with increased amount of collagen
72
Describe the cartilage found in areas of less stress.
Contains elastic fibers and fewer collagen fibers
73
What is a joint?
Site where two skeletal elements come together
74
What are 2 types of joints?
1. Skeletal elements separated by a cavity2. Skeletal elements held together by connective tissue
75
What are examples of joints that do not move?
1. Pelvic joints 2. Facial joints3. Teeth4. Skull joints
76
What do synovial joints contain? Purpose of each?
1. Synovial membrane: produces synovial fluid2. Synovial fluid: lubricates the joint and acts as a shock absorber
77
What covers the end of each bone in a synovial joint? Purpose?
Hyaline cartilage to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber
78
Where is the synovial membrane found in a synovial joint?
Attaches where bone and cartilage meet on each bone and then passes in between the 2 bones
79
What protects the synovial membrane in a synovial joint?
1. Fibrous joint capsule2. Ligament (optional)
80
What does a ligament do?
Joins bone to bone
81
What does a tendon do?
Joins muscle to bone to enable movement
82
What are synovial joints?
Connections between skeletal components separated by a narrow articular cavity
83
What are synovial joints categorized by?
1. Shape2. Movement
84
What are the 6 types of synovial joints based on shape?
1. Plane2. Hinge3. Pivotal4. Ellipsoidal5. Saddle6. Ball and socket
85
What are the 3 types of synovial joints based on movement?
1. Uniaxial2. Biaxial3. Multi-axial
86
Describe plane joints.
Non-axial joints that allow the sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another (both surfaces are flat)
87
List 7 plane joints.
1. Acromioclavicular2. Tibiofibular3. Intertarsal4. Intercarpal5. Intermetacarpal6. Carpometacarpal7. Sternoclavicular
88
Describe hinge joints.
Uniaxial joint that allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint
89
What 2 movements do hinge joints allow?
1. Flexion2. Extension
90
List 3 hinge joints.
1. Humeroular joint (elbow) 2. Ankle (between tibia and tarsals) 3. Interphalangeal
91
Describe pivotal joints.
Uniaxial joint that allows movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone
92
What is another name for pivotal joints?
Trochoid joints
93
What movement do pivotal joints allow?
Rotation
94
List 3 pivotal joints.
1. Atlanto-axial joint2. Superior and inferior radioulnar joints
95
Where is the atlanto-axial joint?
Between first 2 vertebrae
96
Describe ellipsoidal joints.
Distinct convex surfaces articulate with concave surfaces and allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other (biaxial)
97
What 5 movements do ellipsoidal joints allow?
1. Flexion2. Extension3. Abduction4. Adduction5. Circumduction (limited)
98
List 4 ellipsoidal joints.
1. Wrist (radiocarpal)2. Atlanto-occipital3. Metacarpophalangeal joints4. Femur and tibia
99
Describe saddle joints.
The articular surfaces are saddle shaped (reciprocally concavoconvex) Allow movement around two axes (biaxial) that are at right angles to each other
100
What 5 movements do saddle joints allow?
1. Flexion2. Extension3. Abduction4. Adduction5. Circumduction
101
List 2 saddle joints.
1. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb 2. Femur and patella
102
Describe ball and socket joints.
Allow movement around multiple axes (multiaxial)
103
What 6 movements do ball and socket joints allow?
1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Circumduction 6. Rotation
104
List 2 ball and socket joints.
1. Hip joint2. Shoulder joint
105
Which synovial joints are most unstable and easily injured?
Ball and socket joints
106
Describe solid joints. 2 types? How do they move?
Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either1. Fibrous connective tissueor by2. Cartilage Movement of these joints is usually restricted
107
Describe fibrous joints.
Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together fibrous connective tissue
108
What is another name for fibrous joints?
Synarthroses
109
3 types of fibrous joints?
1. Sutures2. Gomphoses3. Syndesmoses
110
Where are sutures found?
Between bones of the skull
111
Describe sutures.
Adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue: the sutural ligament
112
Describe gomphoses. What do we call these?
Occurs between teeth and adjacent bone and made of short collagen tissue fibers that run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket“peg and socket” joints
113
Describe syndesmoses.
Two adjacent bones linked by a ligament
114
3 examples of syndesmoses?
1. Radius and ulna 2. Tibia and fibula 3. Ligamentum flavum (connects adjacent vertebral laminae)
115
What are cartilaginous joints?
Type of solid joint that connect skeletal elements by cartilage
116
2 types of cartilaginous joints?
1. Synchondroses2. Symphyses
117
2 examples of synchondroses?
1. Ribs and sternum2. Head and shaft of developing long bones
118
Describe synchondroses.
Two ossification centers in a developing bone remain and are separated by a layer of cartilage
119
Describe symphyses.
Ossified centers are interconnected via cartilage
120
Where do symphyses usually occur?
In the midline
121
2 examples of symphyses?
1. Pubic symphysis2. Intervertebral discs
122
Other name for synchondroses?
Primary cartilaginous joints
123
Other name for symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous joints
124
What happens to the pelvic bone of pregnant women?
Cartilage dissolves overtime so there is no anterior connection to the pelvic bones to allow for child birth
125
Label.
126
What is a condyloid joint?
Ellipsoidal
127
Do ellipsoid and saddle joints have the same range of motion?
YUP
128
What is the atlanto occipital joint?
Joint between skull and 1st vertebra
