Physiology Review Flashcards
What are the 4 major ions in the extracellular fluid?
Sodium, Bicarb, Chloride, and Calcium
What are the 4 major ions in the intracellular fluid?
Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphates and proteins
What is a quick and easy way to calculate plasma osmolality?
2 * plasma NA
How do you calculate anion gap?
Sodium - chloride and bicarb
What is the effect of vasoconstrictors on GFR and RBF? Vasodilators?
Drop both. Up both
What is the function of prostaglandins, how do NSAIDS effect prostaglandins and what 3 types of patients would you not use NSAIDS on?
Maintain RBF. NSAIDS interfere with prostaglandins. Hypertensive, renal stenosis, and patients using diuretics.
3 effects of the sympathetic system to increase BP?
A1 resistance. A1 tubular cell reabsorption of sodium. B1 renin system.
5 big time things angiotensin does?
Vasoconstrictor, thirst, and specially goes after the efferent arteriole. Aldosterone. ADH
What is the effect angiotensin has on the efferent arteriole?
Vasoconstriction, so it will prevent the GFR from falling or just restore it to normal levels.
What 3 things stimulate renin release?
Sympathetic to B1, low sodium chloride to macula densa, and afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
What 4 things inhibit renin secretion?
Lots of nacl at the MD, increased afferent arteriolar pressure, A2, and ADH
Where does aldosterone work?
Distal tubule
3 things aldosterone directly does which results in three effects?
Increases synthesis and activity of the potassium sodium pump. Increases synthesis and activity of the apical sodium channels. Stimulates the hydrogen atpase pump.More sodium in and more potassium out. Hydrogen out.
What cells in the late DT and CD fine tune the reabsorption of sodium?
Principal cells
Early in the proximal tubule, how is sodium reabsorbed?
With bicarb and driven by the sodium potassium pump
How is sodium reabsorbed in the late proximal tubule?
With chloride driven by the pump
How does the sodium get out of the tubular cell and into the blood in the proximal tube?
Pump
What is going on during the descending thin loop?
Water permeable, so water is pulled and the filtrate is concentrated.
What is going on in the ascending loop?
Reabsorption of sodium. No water movement, so diluting it.
What is going on during the early segment of DT?
Continuation of ascending.
What is going on during the late segment of DT? What are the two cells and what is going on in each one?
Principal cells: sodium in, potassium out
Intercalated cells: acid base balance
What 3 bodily situations lead to ADH being secreted?
Drop in BP, drop in blood volume and increase in osmolality
What two things happen in response to volume expansion?
Up GFR and drop sodium reabsorption
What two things happen in response to volume contraction?
GFR decreases and sodium reabsorption is increased.
