Physiology Review

Question 1

What are the 4 major ions in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

Sodium, Bicarb, Chloride, and Calcium

Question 2

What are the 4 major ions in the intracellular fluid?

Answer 2

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphates and proteins

Question 3

What is a quick and easy way to calculate plasma osmolality?

Answer 3

2 * plasma NA

Question 4

How do you calculate anion gap?

Answer 4

Sodium - chloride and bicarb

Question 5

What is the effect of vasoconstrictors on GFR and RBF? Vasodilators?

Answer 5

Drop both. Up both

Question 6

What is the function of prostaglandins, how do NSAIDS effect prostaglandins and what 3 types of patients would you not use NSAIDS on?

Answer 6

Maintain RBF. NSAIDS interfere with prostaglandins. Hypertensive, renal stenosis, and patients using diuretics.

Question 7

3 effects of the sympathetic system to increase BP?

Answer 7

A1 resistance. A1 tubular cell reabsorption of sodium. B1 renin system.

Question 8

5 big time things angiotensin does?

Answer 8

Vasoconstrictor, thirst, and specially goes after the efferent arteriole. Aldosterone. ADH

Question 9

What is the effect angiotensin has on the efferent arteriole?

Answer 9

Vasoconstriction, so it will prevent the GFR from falling or just restore it to normal levels.

Question 10

What 3 things stimulate renin release?

Answer 10

Sympathetic to B1, low sodium chloride to macula densa, and afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

Question 11

What 4 things inhibit renin secretion?

Answer 11

Lots of nacl at the MD, increased afferent arteriolar pressure, A2, and ADH

Question 12

Where does aldosterone work?

Answer 12

Distal tubule

Question 13

3 things aldosterone directly does which results in three effects?

Answer 13

Increases synthesis and activity of the potassium sodium pump. Increases synthesis and activity of the apical sodium channels. Stimulates the hydrogen atpase pump.More sodium in and more potassium out. Hydrogen out.

Question 14

What cells in the late DT and CD fine tune the reabsorption of sodium?

Answer 14

Principal cells

Question 15

Early in the proximal tubule, how is sodium reabsorbed?

Answer 15

With bicarb and driven by the sodium potassium pump

Question 16

How is sodium reabsorbed in the late proximal tubule?

Answer 16

With chloride driven by the pump

Question 17

How does the sodium get out of the tubular cell and into the blood in the proximal tube?

Answer 17

Pump

Question 18

What is going on during the descending thin loop?

Answer 18

Water permeable, so water is pulled and the filtrate is concentrated.

Question 19

What is going on in the ascending loop?

Answer 19

Reabsorption of sodium. No water movement, so diluting it.

Question 20

What is going on during the early segment of DT?

Answer 20

Continuation of ascending.

Question 21

What is going on during the late segment of DT? What are the two cells and what is going on in each one?

Answer 21

Principal cells: sodium in, potassium out

Intercalated cells: acid base balance

Question 22

What 3 bodily situations lead to ADH being secreted?

Answer 22

Drop in BP, drop in blood volume and increase in osmolality

Question 23

What two things happen in response to volume expansion?

Answer 23

Up GFR and drop sodium reabsorption

Question 24

What two things happen in response to volume contraction?

Answer 24

GFR decreases and sodium reabsorption is increased.