Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Practical Year 2 > Physiology practical second year 2 > Flashcards

Physiology practical second year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fine sensations? Give their afferent.

A

fine touch and pressure
Vibration
stereognosis
Position

All A beta except position which is A alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dorsal column is for?

A

fine sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gracile and cuneate tracts are in the _____ column

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spinothalamic tract (lateral and ventral) has what afferent?

The ventral spinothalamic is for?
The lateral spinothalamic is for?

A

Alpha S and C

Crude touch and pressure
tickling and itching

pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

crude touch is tested by?
It tests the _____ path?

A

cotton

ventral spinothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fine touch is teste by?
receptors are?
afferent
it tests pathway

A

Blunt object and compass for 2 point discrimination

meissner’s and merkel’s

A beta

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tactile localization how its done
test for

A

patient close eyes. place object and he tells where
intact sensory pathways and cortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tactile discrimination how its done
tests is for
most accurate test

A

Ability to feel 2 touched points simultaneously as separate two points with closed eyes, using a caliper and weber’s compass

Most accurate are tongue, finger tips and least accurate is back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

factors affecting 2 point discrimination

A

Number of receptors
small receptive field
less convergence
large area of cortical representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pressure sensation and weight and discrimination test how its done
what are the receptor
What pathway does it test

A

place different weight in hand and ask patient to differentiate

Pacinian corpuscles

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vibration test how its done

Receptor

Afferent

Pathway it test

A

tuning fork with low frequency. fork is placed on bony prominence. proceed from upper part of the body downwards. Ask patient when vibration stop

Meissner’s corpuscle and pacinian corpuscle

Alpha beta

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mention clinical importance of vibration sense?

A

impaired vibration sense is early diagnostic sign in degeneration of posterior column
localize lesions of spinal cord

pernicious anemia (b12 def)
Tabes dorsalis
Spinal cord hemi section

patient feels tuning fork as cold object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stereognosis test

afferent

pathway

A

patient closed eyes given a familiar object

AB

Dorsal column

test intact sensory pathways, cortical sensory areas, early sign of cortical damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Graphesthesia test

Importance

A

patient has something written drawn with marker on his skin and identify it

assessment of cortical sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proprioceptive sensation examination test

receptors

Afferent

Pathway

A

Show patient with eyes open the position of his big toe. Move his big toe and ask him if he feels it moving and which direction

Pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles and golgi tendon

A alpha

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Importance of proprioceptive sensation

Define romberg sign

A

Asses the integrity of dorsal column

Patient cant maintain erect position with closed eyes suggest impaired proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define sensory ataxia, What is its cause?

A

Incoordination of voluntary muscle movements without paralysis. with stamping gait

loss of proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

temperarture sensation test

receptor

Afferent

Pathway

Importance

A

2 test tubes contain warm and cold water. touch different parts of the body and ask subject to tell temp difference

C fibers and A sigma fibers

lateral spinothalamic tract

more sensitive measure of subtle dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pain sensation test

Afferent

Pathway

Importance

A

sharp pin. prick skin

A sigma for acute pain

lateral spinothalamic tract

impaired pain sensation in peripheral neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define abnormal sensation that could be found during neurological assessment

A

Hyperalgesia exaggerated pain sensation

-primary hyper-algesia in inflamed skin because it lowers pain threshold

-Secondary hyper-algesia is found in normal skin sensitization of central neurons of pain

Hypoalgesia: reduced pain sensation

Analgesia: inability to feel pain sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is glove and stock hypothesia?

A

caused by vitamin b12 deficiency or diabetic neuritis

numbness tingling burning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bulk of muscles test

A

Measure muscle bulk with tape, compare
both sides

Compare thenar and hypothenar eminence
with your owns

If there is wasting Unilateral or bilateral,
More distal or proximal, Symmetrical or
asymmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Forms of hypertonia:

A

Clasp -Knife spasticity: initial in resistance then sudden release (UMNL)

-Activation of stretch reflex with stretch
-Further stretch activate inverse stretch

 Lead Pipe rigidity: continuous ↑ in resistance throughout movement. (parkinsonism)

o Excessive impulses along corticospinal tract to alpha and gamma

Cog wheel rigidity: intermittent resistance to passive movement (parkinsonism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Muscle Power Examination

A

 ACTIVE movement of the muscle against resistance Abnormalities:

 Weakness (Paresis): Incomplete LMNL or UMNL.

 Loss of movement (Paralysis): Complete LMNL or UMNL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
A- Superficial reflexes
a-Corneal & light reflexes b- Palatal reflex c-Abdominal reflexes: d-Plantar reflex:
26
Palatal reflex Afferent Center Efferent Response
touching the mucous membrane covering soft plate afferent: IX and Efferent: X Response: elevation of tonge
27
Plantar reflex
polysynaptic superficial spinal reflex Center: sacral 1-2 Response: plantar flexion of all toes Abnormal response: Babinski sign
28
Babinski sign what is it? and causes of Babinski sign.
Dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning of small toes extra pyramidal tract lesion normal in infants pathologically in UMNL, deep anesthesia, coma and recovery stage of spinal shock
29
Center of reflexes Ankle jerk Knee jerk Biceps jerk Triceps jerk
Ankle jerk: sacral 1-2 knee jerk: lumbar 3-4 Biceps jerk: Cervical 5-6 Triceps jerk: Cervical 6-7
30
Areflexia and atonia and example
interruption of reflex arc Tabes dorsalis Peripheral neuritis
31
Hyperreflexia, hypertonia and examples
Interruption of inhibitory impulses UML Anxiety Hyperthyroidism
32
Hyporeflexia, hypotonia and examples
Interruption of faciliatory impulses Neocerebellar syndrome Sleep Myxedema
33
Spasticity happens in ___. It is characterized
UMNL Hypertonia in antigravity muscle caused by increase gamma motor neuron discharge.
34
Dysdiadokokinesia is from
uncoordinated of movement (Can't touch nose with finger tip)
35
Arm pulling test responses
Normal response: brakes appropriate time Abnormal: rebound phenomenon (due to neocerebellar syndroma)
36
Ataxia is
incoordination of movements due to errors in rate range and direction of movement
37
abnormal coordination of movement seen in heel-knee test, arm pulling test, finger-nose is due to
Neocerebellar syndrome
38
Ataxia manefistations
head is tilled to lesion side, drunken gait Slurred speech past-pointing rebound Adiadochokinesia: inability to perform opposite alternate movements quick
39
Spastic gait occurs in
unilateral UMNL from increase gamma discharge (hypertonia)
40
Scissor gait occurs in
Bilateral UMNL
41
High steppage occur in
sensory ataxia tabes doralils With romberg's sign
42
Staggering (drunking) gait
In Neocerebellar lesion
43
Shuffling waddling occurs in
parkinsonism LMN
44
UMNL possible causes, effect on muscle bulk, muscle tone and deep reflexes
Cause: cerebrovascular strokes causing damage in internal capsule Muscle tone: hypertonia, clasp knife type Muscle bulk: No significant muscle wastingg
45
LMNL possible causes, effect on muscle bulk, muscle tone and deep reflexes
lesion of AHC, damage of motor nerve Hypotonia: flaccid paralysis marked muscle waisting
46
corneal reflex afferent and efferent what does it test for
Afferent: opthalmic n Efferent: Bilateral facial N Opthalmic nerve integrity
47
Pupillary light reflex what it is receptor afferent efferent
Light torch held to into one eye to the other. Should have direct light reflex if stimulated receptor: photo receptors Afferent: optic n to optic chaism center: midbrain and pretectal nucleus efferent: pretectal nucleus, EWN
48
Argyll-Robertson pupil cause and manifestation
cause: neurosyphilis causing lesion in pretectal nucleus Manifestation: no pupillary constriction on light reflex or near reflex
49
explain the near response reflex
eyes converse inwards, miosis, and increase lens power
50
pathway of Near response
receptor: photoreceptors Afferent: visual pathway Center: mid-brain Efferent: moves medial rectus and autonomic on ciliary ms
51
Myopia (near sightedness) is caused by fixed by what
eyeball longer and light converges before retina fixed by concave lens
52
Hypermetropia (far sightedness) is caused by fixed by
shorter eyeball light falls beyond retina fixed by convex lens
53
Prespyopia is caused by fixed by
decrease elasticity of lens so it becomes flat Corrected with convex lens
54
Astigmatism is caused by corrected with
Inequality of corneal curvature, light can't focus on retina Cylindrical lens
55
Test dot and circle experiment (explain it)
used to test blind spot the subject will look at the x on the with left eye closed. The dot next to it in the periphery of vision disappears.
56
Test for color vision using ishihara chart test
used to asses color blindness color blindness (achromatopsia) is more common in males
57
What is scotoma? How is it tested for
Scotoma is loss of small area in visual field It is tested with the confrontational method. Patient and doctor sit at exact same eye level 2 feet apart. the doctor moves the finger into periphery and patient must see it at the same time as doctor.
58
unilateral lesion of optic nerve causes what
blindness of same side eye and loss of light reflex
59
Lesion at center of optic chiasma can happen why and causes what
from pituitary tumor Bitemporal hemianopia
60
Lesion at optic tract or LGB causes
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
61
Lesion of optic radiation
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
62
describe weber test what happens if its normal? abnormal?
tuning fork is placed on top of skull Normal: sound is heard equally both sides conduction deafness: sound is heard better in diseased ear, due to absence of environmental noise on diseased side. nerve deafness: Sound is heard better in normal ear
63
describe Rinne test Normal finding abnormal finding
Procedure: Base of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on mastoid process until bone conduction is over. Then the tuning fork is held in air next to ear Normal finding: sound is heard in air after bone conduction is over conduction deafness: sound in not heard in air in diseased ear after bone conduction is over. nerve deafness: both bone and air conduction are impaired sound is heard in air after bone conduction is over as long as nerve deafness is partial
64
what has the highest pH from the digestive secretion?
Pancreatic juice
65
Name the cells that secrete acid by gastric and cells the are responsible for secretion of intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells of stomach
66
Gastric ulcer peak age, location, mechanism, incidence, pain related to eating, patient weight, vomiting and cancer risk
45-55 stomach reduction of defensive factors increase with age increase 1h after food loss of weight vomiting more common high risk
67
Duodenal ulcer age, location, peak age, mechanism, pain related to eating, patient weight, vomiting, risk of carcinoma and incidence
35-45 Duodenum Enhanced acid production 4 times more common than gastric ulcer, increases with age decrease after food intake gain weight melena more common low
68
Define MEN-1 associated Zollinger-Ellison syndrome variants.
a disorder that is characterized by the development of parathyroid hyperplasia (resulting in hyperparathyroidism), pancreatic endocrine tumors , pituitary, adenomas, and adrenal adenoma.
69
Differential Diagnosis: Diabetes Insipidus
In males: gynecomastia In females: galactorrhea Bitemporal hemianopia Hypogonadism Panhypopituitarism
70
Polyuria is due to:
Hyperglycemia, glucosuria
71
Hyperprolactinemia: Cause:
Adenoma of anterior pituitary. Manifestations: In females : Infertility, Amenorrhea, ↓ libido, Galactorrhea (milk secretion). Treatment:  dopamine agonist: bromocriptine.
72
Panhypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome):
Cause:  in females after severe post-partum hemorrhage. Manifestations: 1. ↓ GH function: premature senility → Premature graying of scalp hairs + loss of body hairs. ↓ Of body weight, Dry & wrinkled skin, Shrunken hands & Feet. 2. ↓ thyroid function: anemia. 3. ↓ Adrenal cortex function: hypoglycemia, hypotension 4. ↓ Gonadotrophic hormones: amenorrhea in females, and sterility in males.
73
Tetany:
Sign:  carpal spasm (accoucheur hand). Cause:  hypoparathyroidism : due to accidental removal following thyroidectomy  Vitamin D deficiency, Alkalosis, Renal failure Management:  slow IV calcium gluconate, Vitamin D injection, Treatment of the cause.
74
(Conn's syndrome)
its 1ry hyperaldosteronism cause Aldosterone secreting tumors of adrenal cortex
75
2nd hyperaldosteronism cause: Manifestations:
2nd to heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or nephrosis →↑ level of RAAS →↑ aldosterone 1. Hypokalemia: lead to Nephropathy, polyuria, Muscle weakness 2. Hypertension: due to Na+ & H2O retention 3. No edema (Escape phenomenon) In 1ry hyperaldosteronism: due to ↑ ANP secretion. Edema in 2ry hyperaldosteronism
76
Cushing's syndrome types and manifestations
1. Primary: (ACTH independent): Adrenal tumors mainly secrete cortisol 2. 2nd : (ACTH dependent): 2nd to pituitary hyper secretion of ACTH → cause skin pigmentation (MSH activity) Hair distribution: ↑ facial hair (hirsutism) & acne due to ↑Androgens
77
Undescended testis is called
cryptorchidism
78
how to treat cryptorchidism
New born: Wait till the end of 1st year because of high possibility of descent during the first year Adult: surgical removal if not removed, irreversible damage to spermatogonia epithelium since sperm need 32 degrees normal secondary sexual characteristic
79
① True precocious puberty: Precocious gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Causes:
a) Cerebral disorders involving posterior hypothalamus; as tumors, infections b) Pineal tumors due to interruption of neural pathways that inhibit GnRH pulse c) Gonadotropin-independent precocity.
80
Precocious pseudo puberty: * Early development of 2nd sexual characteristics without gametogenesis (spermatogenesis or oogenesis) causes
abnormal exposure of immature males to androgen, or immature females to estrogen caused from tumors on androgen/estrogen secreting glands or on leydig/granulosa cell
81
Solution to LES
Has rat tail appearance check with endoscope to exclude cancer Laparoscopic surgical myotomy Botox if surgery not available
82
Achalasia is
dysphagia with solid and liquid \
83
Dysphagia is
with solid food only, associated with structural anomalies
84
GERD manifestation
Heart burn and epigastric pain Obesity puts pressure on sphincter Esophogaeus can narrow
85
GERD manifestation
Heart burn and epigastric pain Obesity puts pressure on sphincter Esophogaeus can narrow Ulcer of esophagus
86
Things that increase gastrin secretion
Hpylori infection Stress Smoking
87
BMR formula
(O2 consumption/hr)x4.8 Body S.A
88
If HbA1c is elevated that indicates
Insulin resistance
89
2dry amenohrrae is related to
weight gain
90
GFR formula
U inulin x V _____________ P inulin
91
RPF (effective)
U PAHA x V ______________ P Paha
92
RPF actual
RPF ____________ percentage
93
RBF
RPF actual _______________ (1-hematocrit)
94
filtered load is
GFR X P
95
Excreted load is
Urine flow x Urine (x)
96
Clearance is
U x V _________ P
97
TmG is
the maximum amount of glucose can be reabsorbed by renal tubules per minute
98
Renal threshold is
plasma level which glucose first appears in urine
99
Splay is due to
each nephron having a different TmG
100
Renal reabsorption of glucose mechanism
secondary active transport to Na. Glucose and Na bind to common carrier SGLT-2. As Na moves down concentration gradient, glucose follows it.
101
Name each thing
1 TmG 2 renal threshold 3 splay
102
Name this and give the reason it occurs
Von Graefe's sign, slow down ward movement of upper eyelid caused by hyper reflexibility from hyperthyroidism
103
this is?
The Chvostek sign, contraction of ipsilateral facial muscles. Caused by hyperexcitability do to hypocalcemia
104
this is?
Trousseau's sign spasm of hand muscles thumb is abducted and wrist is flexed. in response of elevation of arterial blood pressure

Practical Year 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions