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Normal animal Exam 2 > Physiology (Peripheral circulation and respiration) > Flashcards

Physiology (Peripheral circulation and respiration) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary job of the heart?

A

deliver blood to the systemic and pulmonary circulations at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet the needs of the animal

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2
Q

What are the primary jobs of the blood vessels serving the tissues?

A

adjust relative resistance to flow
return blood to the heart

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3
Q

What is the primary job of the lungs?

A

move air in and out of alveoli at a rate that allows appropriate gas exchange

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4
Q

2 basic functions of vascular system

A

distribution: transport of blood to/away from organs
exchange: heat, gasses, metabolites to/from blood/tissues

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5
Q

smooth muscle in arterial wall

A

affects size (diameter) of vessel, controls resistance

in tunica media

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6
Q

endothelial cell layer in artery

A

important for regulating state of contraction, regulating blood clotting

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7
Q

where is the majority of resistance of flow?

A

arterioles

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8
Q

vascular smooth muscle cells vs striated

A

sm are smaller than striated

not syncytium- contain a single nucleus

SR is well defined but occupies less space

no T tubules- have caveolae instead

have gap junctions

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9
Q

caveolae

A

like T tubules but in vascular smooth muscle

small invaginations of the surface membrane

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10
Q

dense bodies

A

In sarcomere

anchor thin filaments, mechanical connection btwn cells, elastic recoil

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11
Q

intermediate filaments

A

in sarcomere

supporting protein linking dense bodies

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12
Q

intermediate junction

A

in sarcomere

provides mechanical link btwn 2 adjacent cells

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13
Q

Where is the rate of blood flow the slowest?

A

capillaries

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14
Q

function of lymphatic vessels

A

return fluid and plasma protein that leaked out of capillaries back to the circulating pool

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15
Q

Amount of cartilage trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

A

most cartilage in trachea (rings of horse shoe shaped cartilage connected by sm)

less cartilage in bronchi

cartilage disappears in bronchioles

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16
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in/out

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17
Q

distribution (respiration)

A

Of ventilated air among branches of airway

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18
Q

perfusion

A

blood flow to the lung by the circ system

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19
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers surface of the lungs

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21
Q

pleural cavity/interpleural space

A

fluid filled cavity between visceral and parietal pleura

non expandable

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22
Q

opposing elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall

A

lungs recoil inward, chest wall recoils outward

elastic recoils of lung and chest wall are in balance- generates a negative intrapleural pressure

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23
Q

major muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals

diaphragm

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24
Q

muscles of active expiration

A

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

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25
Q

neural control inspiration

A

inspiratory neurons in the medulla are activating motor neurons

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26
Q

expiration neural control

A

inspiratory neurons stop firing

inspiratory muscles relax allowing lungs to recoil

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27
Q

Classical hemodynamic law (Ohm)

A

F=P/R

Flow= pressure/resistance

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28
Q

Laminar flow

A

streamlined and silent

fluid suspended, move in parallel

occurs normally in smaller branched portions of blood circ, airway (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)

29
Q

turbulent flow

A

noisy

laminar flow breaks up into turbulent past a certain critical velocity

normal in ventricles, aorta, pulm a., large airway

30
Q

single file flow

A

occurs in capillaries

erythrocytes in line

31
Q

Poiseuille’s law of flow

A

describes factors that affect flow

vessel radius, viscosity, length of tube, pressure gradient

simplifies to flow≅deltaPressure x Radius4

radius has most affect

32
Q

radius of an artery/arteriole is influenced by:

A

pressure gradient distending it outward (BP)

external pressure compressing it (vasc sm)

circumferential tension in wall (elastic structural factors)

33
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

time averaged measure of arterial pressure across cardiac cycle

MAP= Diastolic + pulse pressure/3

34
Q

pulse pressure

A

PP= Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

35
Q

systolic arterial pressure

A

result of ventricular ejection

flow of blood from heart to arteries exceeds flow out of arteries leading to increase in V and P

36
Q

diastolic arterial pressure

A

result of aortic/arterial wall recoil

elastic recoil of arterial walls provides the driving force to propel blood out of arteries into vessels downstream

37
Q

endothelium

A

monolayer of squamous cells

composes intimal layer of vasculature

produces vasoactive compounds, control circ function

non thrombogenic surface

38
Q

Types of exchange across capillaries

A

simple diffusion

pass through pores (fenestre)

transport proteins

39
Q

starling hypothesis

A

exchange of water and solutes between capillaries and interstitial space depends on balance of:

  1. capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  3. capillary oncotic pressure
  4. interstitial oncotic pressure
  5. capillary permeability
40
Q

oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure due to the presence of “colloids” or large non diffusable material (proteins) that remain in blood plasma

draws water from interstitial space back into capillary

41
Q

starling forces at arteriole end vs venule end of capillary

A

arteriole side: more hydrostatic (pushing out) than oncotic (pulling in)- net movement of water out (ultrafiltration)

venule side: more oncotic (pushing in) than hydrostatic (pushing out)- net movement of water in (reabsorption)

42
Q

contractile differences in smooth muscle than striated

A

shortening velocity is slower

can shorten to less than ½ of relaxed state

contraction force regulated by external chemical stim rather than frq

prolonged and sustained contraction

43
Q

pharmacomechanical coupling

A

vascular sm can be stim without AP instead by mobilizing Ca2+ by a 2nd messenger system

44
Q

compliance

A

elastic properties of the respiratory system

willingness to be stretched

dV/dP

determined by pressure-volume curve reflecting the elastic properties of the lungs

45
Q

recoil properties of the lungs are attributed to

A

elastic fibers in lung tissue

surface tension in fluid lining of alveoli (lowered by pulm surfactant)

46
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

lowers surface tension of fluid lining alveoli

preventing alveoli from collapsing at different pressures

47
Q

layers of alveolar/capillary junction

A
  1. layer of fluid lining the alveolus containing surfactant
  2. alveolar epithelium
  3. epithelial basement membrane
  4. interstitial space
  5. capillary basement membrane
  6. capillary endothelium
48
Q

pulmonary gas exchange occurs by:

A

diffusion, passive

49
Q

Factors affecting Rate of pulm gas exchange (Vdot)

A
  1. diffusion gas pressure gradient
  2. diffusion coefficient (D) (depends on molecular weight of gas, solubility of gas)
  3. surface area (A) for gas diffusion
  4. diffusion distance or thickness of alveolar/capillary complex (T)
50
Q

partial pressures of O2/CO2

A

based on its mole fraction in a mixture

PO2 in deO2 blood is less than PO2 in alveolus- O2 moves into blood

PO2 in tissues blood is less than PO2 in blood- O2 moves into tissue

51
Q

Oxygen exists in these 2 forms:

A

physically dissolved, chemically bound to hemoglobin

52
Q

physically dissolved O2

A

3% of total blood O2

small amount

too small to meet needs of body

53
Q

Chemically bound O2

A

hemoglobin (Hb)

97% of O2 in blood

54
Q

hemoglobin

A

Hb

2 alpha, 2 beta subunits

heme and globin component

55
Q

PO2

A

mmHG

partial pressure of O2 either in gas or dissolved in liquid after equilibration

56
Q

Oxygen content (concentration or volume %)

A

total amt of O2 contained in 100ml blood

57
Q

O2 saturation (SO2) %

A

% oh Hb that is bound to O2

58
Q

oxygen carrying capacity (ml/100ml blood)

A

max O2 that can be carried in blood by Hb

59
Q

Hb-O2 dissociation curve

A

Sigmoidal (S) shaped reflects cooperativity of O2 binding to Hb

60
Q

Right shift of Hb curve

A

Hb affinity for O2 is decreased

Bohr effect (decreased pH)

61
Q

left shift Hb curve

A

Hb affinity for O2 is increased

62
Q

Transport of CO2 in blood:

A

dissolved (10%)

carbaminohemoglobin (21%)

HCO3-

63
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 bound to Hb

small amount

64
Q

HCO3-

A

from hydration of CO2 in RBCs

major transport mechanism in blood (68%)

produced by carbonic anhydrase

65
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes hydration of CO2 to HCO3-

66
Q

high pressure baroreceptors

A

in carotid sinus and aortic arch

detect amt of stretch in vessel wall

relay info to medulla (AND)

67
Q

Baroreceptor reflex feedback loop

A
  1. BP falls below normal
  2. carotid sinus/aortic arch baroreceptors decrease AP
  3. decrease rate of firing in afferent nerves
  4. sensed in cardiovascular center in CNS (Medulla)
  5. ^ S to heart, vessels (vasoconstrict), v parasympathetic to heart
  6. ^^ HR, Stroke volume, vasoconstriction
  7. ^ CO, systemic resistance
  8. BP increased to normal
68
Q

low pressure barorecpetors

A

volume receptor

in great veins, atria, pulm vasc

have circ and renal effects

produce changes in secretion of hormones that control intake of salt and water and therefore change blood volume, BP long term

69
Q

long term regulation of arterial BP (low pressure baroreceptors pathway)

A

Normal animal Exam 2 (14 decks)

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