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Normal animal Exam 2 > Physiology (Peripheral circulation and respiration) > Flashcards

Physiology (Peripheral circulation and respiration) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary job of the heart?

A

deliver blood to the systemic and pulmonary circulations at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet the needs of the animal

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2
Q

What are the primary jobs of the blood vessels serving the tissues?

A

adjust relative resistance to flow
return blood to the heart

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3
Q

What is the primary job of the lungs?

A

move air in and out of alveoli at a rate that allows appropriate gas exchange

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4
Q

2 basic functions of vascular system

A

distribution: transport of blood to/away from organs
exchange: heat, gasses, metabolites to/from blood/tissues

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5
Q

smooth muscle in arterial wall

A

affects size (diameter) of vessel, controls resistance

in tunica media

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6
Q

endothelial cell layer in artery

A

important for regulating state of contraction, regulating blood clotting

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7
Q

where is the majority of resistance of flow?

A

arterioles

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8
Q

vascular smooth muscle cells vs striated

A

sm are smaller than striated

not syncytium- contain a single nucleus

SR is well defined but occupies less space

no T tubules- have caveolae instead

have gap junctions

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9
Q

caveolae

A

like T tubules but in vascular smooth muscle

small invaginations of the surface membrane

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10
Q

dense bodies

A

In sarcomere

anchor thin filaments, mechanical connection btwn cells, elastic recoil

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11
Q

intermediate filaments

A

in sarcomere

supporting protein linking dense bodies

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12
Q

intermediate junction

A

in sarcomere

provides mechanical link btwn 2 adjacent cells

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13
Q

Where is the rate of blood flow the slowest?

A

capillaries

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14
Q

function of lymphatic vessels

A

return fluid and plasma protein that leaked out of capillaries back to the circulating pool

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15
Q

Amount of cartilage trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

A

most cartilage in trachea (rings of horse shoe shaped cartilage connected by sm)

less cartilage in bronchi

cartilage disappears in bronchioles

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16
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in/out

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17
Q

distribution (respiration)

A

Of ventilated air among branches of airway

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18
Q

perfusion

A

blood flow to the lung by the circ system

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19
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers surface of the lungs

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21
Q

pleural cavity/interpleural space

A

fluid filled cavity between visceral and parietal pleura

non expandable

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22
Q

opposing elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall

A

lungs recoil inward, chest wall recoils outward

elastic recoils of lung and chest wall are in balance- generates a negative intrapleural pressure

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23
Q

major muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals

diaphragm

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24
Q

muscles of active expiration

A

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

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25
neural control inspiration
inspiratory neurons in the medulla are activating motor neurons
26
expiration neural control
inspiratory neurons stop firing inspiratory muscles relax allowing lungs to recoil
27
Classical hemodynamic law (Ohm)
F=P/R Flow= pressure/resistance
28
Laminar flow
streamlined and silent fluid suspended, move in parallel occurs normally in smaller branched portions of blood circ, airway (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)
29
turbulent flow
noisy laminar flow breaks up into turbulent past a certain critical velocity normal in ventricles, aorta, pulm a., large airway
30
single file flow
occurs in capillaries erythrocytes in line
31
Poiseuille's law of flow
describes factors that affect flow vessel radius, viscosity, length of tube, pressure gradient simplifies to flow≅deltaPressure x Radius4 radius has most affect
32
radius of an artery/arteriole is influenced by:
pressure gradient distending it outward (BP) external pressure compressing it (vasc sm) circumferential tension in wall (elastic structural factors)
33
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
time averaged measure of arterial pressure across cardiac cycle MAP= Diastolic + pulse pressure/3
34
pulse pressure
PP= Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
35
systolic arterial pressure
result of ventricular ejection flow of blood from heart to arteries exceeds flow out of arteries leading to increase in V and P
36
diastolic arterial pressure
result of aortic/arterial wall recoil elastic recoil of arterial walls provides the driving force to propel blood out of arteries into vessels downstream
37
endothelium
monolayer of squamous cells composes intimal layer of vasculature produces vasoactive compounds, control circ function non thrombogenic surface
38
Types of exchange across capillaries
simple diffusion pass through pores (fenestre) transport proteins
39
starling hypothesis
exchange of water and solutes between capillaries and interstitial space depends on balance of: 1. capillary hydrostatic pressure 2. interstitial hydrostatic pressure 3. capillary oncotic pressure 4. interstitial oncotic pressure 5. capillary permeability
40
oncotic pressure
osmotic pressure due to the presence of “colloids” or large non diffusable material (proteins) that remain in blood plasma draws water from interstitial space back into capillary
41
starling forces at arteriole end vs venule end of capillary
arteriole side: more hydrostatic (pushing out) than oncotic (pulling in)- net movement of water out (ultrafiltration) venule side: more oncotic (pushing in) than hydrostatic (pushing out)- net movement of water in (reabsorption)
42
contractile differences in smooth muscle than striated
shortening velocity is slower can shorten to less than ½ of relaxed state contraction force regulated by external chemical stim rather than frq prolonged and sustained contraction
43
pharmacomechanical coupling
vascular sm can be stim without AP instead by mobilizing Ca2+ by a 2nd messenger system
44
compliance
elastic properties of the respiratory system willingness to be stretched dV/dP determined by pressure-volume curve reflecting the elastic properties of the lungs
45
recoil properties of the lungs are attributed to
elastic fibers in lung tissue surface tension in fluid lining of alveoli (lowered by pulm surfactant)
46
pulmonary surfactant
lowers surface tension of fluid lining alveoli preventing alveoli from collapsing at different pressures
47
layers of alveolar/capillary junction
1. layer of fluid lining the alveolus containing surfactant 2. alveolar epithelium 3. epithelial basement membrane 4. interstitial space 5. capillary basement membrane 6. capillary endothelium
48
pulmonary gas exchange occurs by:
diffusion, passive
49
Factors affecting Rate of pulm gas exchange (Vdot)
1. diffusion gas pressure gradient 2. diffusion coefficient (D) (depends on molecular weight of gas, solubility of gas) 3. surface area (A) for gas diffusion 4. diffusion distance or thickness of alveolar/capillary complex (T)
50
partial pressures of O2/CO2
based on its mole fraction in a mixture PO2 in deO2 blood is less than PO2 in alveolus- O2 moves into blood PO2 in tissues blood is less than PO2 in blood- O2 moves into tissue
51
Oxygen exists in these 2 forms:
physically dissolved, chemically bound to hemoglobin
52
physically dissolved O2
3% of total blood O2 small amount too small to meet needs of body
53
Chemically bound O2
hemoglobin (Hb) 97% of O2 in blood
54
hemoglobin
Hb 2 alpha, 2 beta subunits heme and globin component
55
PO2
mmHG partial pressure of O2 either in gas or dissolved in liquid after equilibration
56
Oxygen content (concentration or volume %)
total amt of O2 contained in 100ml blood
57
O2 saturation (SO2) %
% oh Hb that is bound to O2
58
oxygen carrying capacity (ml/100ml blood)
max O2 that can be carried in blood by Hb
59
Hb-O2 dissociation curve
Sigmoidal (S) shaped reflects cooperativity of O2 binding to Hb
60
Right shift of Hb curve
Hb affinity for O2 is decreased Bohr effect (decreased pH)
61
left shift Hb curve
Hb affinity for O2 is increased
62
Transport of CO2 in blood:
dissolved (10%) carbaminohemoglobin (21%) HCO3-
63
carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 bound to Hb small amount
64
HCO3-
from hydration of CO2 in RBCs major transport mechanism in blood (68%) produced by carbonic anhydrase
65
carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes hydration of CO2 to HCO3-
66
high pressure baroreceptors
in carotid sinus and aortic arch detect amt of stretch in vessel wall relay info to medulla (AND)
67
Baroreceptor reflex feedback loop
1. BP falls below normal 2. carotid sinus/aortic arch baroreceptors decrease AP 3. decrease rate of firing in afferent nerves 4. sensed in cardiovascular center in CNS (Medulla) 5. ^ S to heart, vessels (vasoconstrict), v parasympathetic to heart 6. ^^ HR, Stroke volume, vasoconstriction 7. ^ CO, systemic resistance 8. BP increased to normal
68
low pressure barorecpetors
volume receptor in great veins, atria, pulm vasc have circ and renal effects produce changes in secretion of hormones that control intake of salt and water and therefore change blood volume, BP long term
69
long term regulation of arterial BP (low pressure baroreceptors pathway)

Normal animal Exam 2 (14 decks)

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