Neuro 5

Question 1

mechanoreceptors

Answer 1

activated by mechanical forces
touch, stretch, pressure, vibration, sound waves
BP, muscle stretch

Question 2

photoreceptors

Answer 2

activated by light

Question 3

nociceptors

Answer 3

activated by potential/actual tissue damage

Question 4

chemoreceptor

Answer 4

activated by binding of chemicals
food chemicals (tongue), airborne chemicals (olfactory)

Question 5

funiculus

Answer 5

tract of axons

Question 6

lateral funiculus

Answer 6

lateral sides of white matter in spinal cord

Question 7

ventral funiculus

Answer 7

ventral white matter in spinal cord

Question 8

dorsal funiculus

Answer 8

dorsal white matter in spinal cord

Question 9

cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar/sacral spinal cord segment white/grey matter

Answer 9

cervical- most white matter vs grey
thoracic- intermediolateral horns for sympathetic motor neurons
lumbar/sacral- more grey than white matter

Question 10

dorsal somatasensory pathway

Answer 10

info about touch, position, vibration
3 neuron pathway:
-1st neuron: cell body in dorsal root ganglion, axon ascends from dorsal funiculus, synapse in brainstem nucleus
2nd neuron: cell body in brainstem nucleus, axon crosses midline, synapse in thalamus
3rd: body in thalamus, synapse in sensory cortex

Question 11

lateral somatosensory pathway

Answer 11

pain, temperature
aka spinothalamic
3 neuron pathway:
1- body in dorsal root ganglion, synapse in dorsal horn of spinal cord
2- body in dorsal horn of spinal cord, axon crosses midline, ascends in lateral funiculus, synapse in thalamus
3-cell body in thalamus, synapse in sensory cortex

Question 12

pyramids

Answer 12

external landmarks on the ventral medulla, corresponds to tracts composed of axons running from the motor cortex to spinal cord

Question 13

lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 13

voluntary control of skeletal musc in distal limbs
2 motor pathway
-upper motor neuron: cell body in primary motor cortex, axon crosses midline in ventral medulla, descends in lateral corticospinal tract, synapse in ventral horn
-lower: body in ventral horn, innervate skel music

Question 14

ventral corticospinal tract

Answer 14

voluntary control of skel musc in proximal limbs and trunk
upper: body in primary motor cortex, axon passes through ventral medulla (pyramids) and descends in ventral corticospinal tract, axon crosses at level of 2nd neuron, synapse in ventral horn
lower: cell body in ventral horn, innervate skel musc

Question 15

extrapyramidal tracts

Answer 15

motor pathways other than corticospinal
axons do not travel in the pyramids of medulla
function: alt route of transmission from motor cortex to spinal cord, postural reflex, eye movement, head movement in response to sound or light, regulate musc tone

Question 16

neuromuscular junction in somatic NS

Answer 16

Synapse btwn neuron and m. cell
neurotransmitter: ACh
receptor: nicotinic cholenergic
response to binding: : open Na+ channels, depolarization, Ca2+ released from SR, musc contraction

Question 17

consciousness

Answer 17

depends on multiple CNS structures incl association cortex and ascending reticular activating system (thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla)

Question 18

memory

Answer 18

hippocampus is important for memory formation
memory storage distributed in cerebral cortex
learning- strengthening synapses