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Normal animal Exam 2 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

Circulation Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Systole Diastole Cardiac Output Vena Cava (cranial and caudal) Right atrium Tricuspid (right AV) valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve) Main pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk) Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral (left AV) valve Left ventricle Aortic (semilunar) valve

1
Q

arteries

A

deliver blood from the heart to the tissues

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2
Q

capillaries

A

where exchange occurs
between artery and veins

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3
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

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4
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

DeO2 blood returns to R heart, pulm circ so blood can take up O2 and drop off CO2 at the pulm capillaries

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5
Q

systemic circulation

A

O2ed blood leaves L heart to go to systemic circ to deliver O2 to tissues and take up CO2 at tissue capillary bed

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6
Q

thickness of R ventricle vs L ventricle

A

L is thicker, must have greater force to push blood to body

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7
Q

thickness of atrium vs ventricles

A

atriums are thinner, ventricles have more force to push blood out

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8
Q

tricuspid valve

A

R AV valve

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9
Q

mitral valve

A

L AV valve

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10
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between R ventricle and pulm artery
R semilunar

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11
Q

aortic valve

A

between L ventricle and aorta
L semilunar

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12
Q

systole

A

heart muscles contract (refers to ventricles in general)

Pumping

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13
Q

diastole

A

heart muscles relax (refers to ventricles in general)

filling

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14
Q

great vessles

A

pulm a. and aorta

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15
Q

Sinus (SA) node

A

pacemaker of heart
spontaneous depolarization due to movement of + ions into specialized myocyte initiates events that lead to pumping
sinus node depolarization sets HR which is variable

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16
Q

What causes spontaneous pumping of the heart?

A

Sinus (SA) node

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17
Q

Specialized cardiac myocytes of cardiac control system

A

SA node
conduction system
depolarization initiates contraction (excitation)

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18
Q

working cardiac myocytes

A

responsible for muscle contraction (pumping)
make up most of the atria and ventricles

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19
Q

components of conduction system and purposes

A

Sinus node (SA): depolarization initiates cardiac cycle
Atrial depolarization and contraction (enhances ventricular filling- diastole)
AV node: delay, pause between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization to optimize ventricular filling
ventriclular depolarization: contraction, systole

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20
Q

What drives blood flow through the circulatory system?

A

Pressure

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21
Q

Are the R and L ventricles contracting at the same time or sequentially?

A

same time

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22
Q

artery pressure (systemic)

A

120/80mmHg

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23
Q

Right atrial pressure

A

2-8 mmHg

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24
Q

R ventricle pressure

A

15-30/2-8 mmHg

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25
Q

Aorta pressure

A

~120/80mmHg

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26
Q

BP measurements

A

Systolic/diastolic

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27
Q

pulmonary artery pressure

A

15-30/4-12mmHg

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28
Q

pulmonary capillary pressure

A

2-10mmHg

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29
Q

Left atrium pressure

A

2-10

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30
Q

Left ventricle pressure

A

100-140/3-12mmHg

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31
Q

arteriole pressure (systemic)

A

80/30

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32
Q

capillary pressure systemic

A

30/10

33
Q

venule pressure systemic

A

10/5

34
Q

vein pressure systemic

A

5/0

35
Q

artery pressure pulmonary

A

30/20

36
Q

arteriole pressure pulmonary

A

20/12

37
Q

capillary pressure pulmonary

A

12/8

38
Q

venule pressure pulmonary

A

8/5

39
Q

vein pressure pulmonary

A

5/0

40
Q

What causes the valves of the heart to open/close?

A

pressure

41
Q

Ohm’s law

A

pressure driven flow
Q= (P1-P2)/R

CO= deltaP/Resistance

R=SVR= systemic vascular resistance= peripheral resistance

42
Q

How can you have an intermittent pump with interrupted blood flow?

A

elasticity of vessels

43
Q

Baroreceptors

A

sense BP

44
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sense pH, O2, CO2

45
Q

cardiovascular effectors

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic NS, local and humoral modulators

modulate HR, contraction, resistance, BP

46
Q

Excitation- contraction Coupling

A

depolarization through conducting system is coupled to working cells (cardiomyocytes)

47
Q

AV node

A

allows sequential atrial then ventricular contraction

gatekeeper to ventricles

reduced gap junctions

48
Q

Internodal pathways/purkinje fibers

A

rapid spread of depolarization for near-simultaneous contraction of the chamber

49
Q

cardiac conduction system structural features of cells

A

almost no contractile filaments

increased gap junctions for impulse transmission except AV node which has reduced gap junctions to slow impulse

50
Q

Transmission velocity in :

  • Atrial myocytes
  • atrial internodal pathways
  • AV node
  • purkinje fibers
  • ventricular myocytes
A
  • Atrial myocytes- 0.3m/s Medium
  • atrial internodal pathways- 1m/s Fast
  • AV node- 0.05m/s slow
  • purkinje fibers- ~2m/s fast
    • ventricular myocytes- 0.4m/s medium
51
Q

differences in action potentials between working and SA node myocytes

A

SA: spontaneous depolarization

working: plateau at top from Ca2+ influx (phase 2) allows time for Ca2+ to accumulate for contraction

52
Q

what comes first in the heart? electrical or mechanical events?

A

electrical

53
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

54
Q

PQ/PR interval

A

AV node depolarizing slowly

55
Q

QRS

A

ventricular depolarization

56
Q

one cardiac cycle contains

A

one systole and one diastole

57
Q

In a resting state does the heart spend more time in systole or diastole?

A

diastole

58
Q

Is the cardiac cycle inversely or directly related to HR?

A

inversely

cardiac cycle duration (s/beat)= 60sec/HR

as HR increases, the cardiac cycle decreases

59
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricles start to contract but all the valves are still closed because pressure isn’t high enough to open valves yet

no blood flow in or out of ventricles

very short

systole

60
Q

ventricular ejection

A

after isovolumetric contraction

pressure in ventricle exceeds aorta/pulm a.

aortic, pulmonary valve opens

systole

61
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

all valves closed, no blood in or out of ventricles

after ventricular ejection when aortic/pulm valve closes bc pressure decrease in ventricle

62
Q

ventricular filling

A

AV valves to ventricles are open, aortic and pulm valves are closed

blood flows from atria to ventricles

diastole

63
Q

S1 heart sound

A

AV valves close

LUB

start systole

semilunar valves open

all species

64
Q

S2 heart sound

A

Semilunar valves close

end systole

AV valves remain open

all species

65
Q

S3 heart sound

A

early diastole, early ventricular filling

blood rushing into ventricles creates vibration

can hear in horse and cow (large animals)

66
Q

S4 heart sound

A

late diastole

atrial contraction at end of diastole (ventricular filling) makes vibration

only in large animals

67
Q

end diastolic volume

A

how much blood there is in the ventricle at the end of diastole

68
Q

end systolic volume

A

how much blood is left in the ventricle at the end of systole

69
Q

stroke volume

A

difference between end systolic and end diastolic volume

change in volume from diastole to systole

70
Q

preload

A

estimated by end diastolic volume

amount of filling

related by sarcomere length at end of diastole (wall tension of the ventricle)

increasing preload increases SV

71
Q

afterload

A

contributes to ventricular wall stress during systole

force that ventricular monocytes must overcome during ejection/systole (aortic pressure)

increasing afterload decreases SV

72
Q

contractility (ionotropy)

A

measure of intrinsic contractile performance of the cardiomyocytes independent of external factors such as preload and afterload

how hard the muscle cells are contracting

called ionotropy in clinics

73
Q

positive vs negative ionotropic drugs

A

positive: increase contractility
negative: decrease contractility

74
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by the blood in 1 minute

CO = HR x SV

75
Q

heart rate neural control

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation

76
Q

stroke volume nervous system control

A

only sympathetic

77
Q

ways to increase HR (action potentials)

A

increase/decrease phase 4 of AP

78
Q

determinates stroke volume

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

preload alters EDV (directly related)

afterload alters ESV (inversely related)

contractility alters ESV

79
Q

ways to increase SV

A

increase contractility

increase preload

reduce afterload

Normal animal Exam 2 (14 decks)

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