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Normal animal Exam 2 > Cardio > Flashcards

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Circulation Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Systole Diastole Cardiac Output Vena Cava (cranial and caudal) Right atrium Tricuspid (right AV) valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve) Main pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk) Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral (left AV) valve Left ventricle Aortic (semilunar) valve

1
Q

arteries

A

deliver blood from the heart to the tissues

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2
Q

capillaries

A

where exchange occurs
between artery and veins

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3
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

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4
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

DeO2 blood returns to R heart, pulm circ so blood can take up O2 and drop off CO2 at the pulm capillaries

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5
Q

systemic circulation

A

O2ed blood leaves L heart to go to systemic circ to deliver O2 to tissues and take up CO2 at tissue capillary bed

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6
Q

thickness of R ventricle vs L ventricle

A

L is thicker, must have greater force to push blood to body

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7
Q

thickness of atrium vs ventricles

A

atriums are thinner, ventricles have more force to push blood out

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8
Q

tricuspid valve

A

R AV valve

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9
Q

mitral valve

A

L AV valve

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10
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between R ventricle and pulm artery
R semilunar

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11
Q

aortic valve

A

between L ventricle and aorta
L semilunar

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12
Q

systole

A

heart muscles contract (refers to ventricles in general)

Pumping

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13
Q

diastole

A

heart muscles relax (refers to ventricles in general)

filling

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14
Q

great vessles

A

pulm a. and aorta

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15
Q

Sinus (SA) node

A

pacemaker of heart
spontaneous depolarization due to movement of + ions into specialized myocyte initiates events that lead to pumping
sinus node depolarization sets HR which is variable

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16
Q

What causes spontaneous pumping of the heart?

A

Sinus (SA) node

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17
Q

Specialized cardiac myocytes of cardiac control system

A

SA node
conduction system
depolarization initiates contraction (excitation)

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18
Q

working cardiac myocytes

A

responsible for muscle contraction (pumping)
make up most of the atria and ventricles

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19
Q

components of conduction system and purposes

A

Sinus node (SA): depolarization initiates cardiac cycle
Atrial depolarization and contraction (enhances ventricular filling- diastole)
AV node: delay, pause between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization to optimize ventricular filling
ventriclular depolarization: contraction, systole

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20
Q

What drives blood flow through the circulatory system?

A

Pressure

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21
Q

Are the R and L ventricles contracting at the same time or sequentially?

A

same time

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22
Q

artery pressure (systemic)

A

120/80mmHg

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23
Q

Right atrial pressure

A

2-8 mmHg

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24
Q

R ventricle pressure

A

15-30/2-8 mmHg

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25
Aorta pressure
~120/80mmHg
26
BP measurements
Systolic/diastolic
27
pulmonary artery pressure
15-30/4-12mmHg
28
pulmonary capillary pressure
2-10mmHg
29
Left atrium pressure
2-10
30
Left ventricle pressure
100-140/3-12mmHg
31
arteriole pressure (systemic)
80/30
32
capillary pressure systemic
30/10
33
venule pressure systemic
10/5
34
vein pressure systemic
5/0
35
artery pressure pulmonary
30/20
36
arteriole pressure pulmonary
20/12
37
capillary pressure pulmonary
12/8
38
venule pressure pulmonary
8/5
39
vein pressure pulmonary
5/0
40
What causes the valves of the heart to open/close?
pressure
41
Ohm's law
pressure driven flow Q= (P1-P2)/R CO= deltaP/Resistance R=SVR= systemic vascular resistance= peripheral resistance
42
How can you have an intermittent pump with interrupted blood flow?
elasticity of vessels
43
Baroreceptors
sense BP
44
chemoreceptors
sense pH, O2, CO2
45
cardiovascular effectors
Sympathetic, parasympathetic NS, local and humoral modulators modulate HR, contraction, resistance, BP
46
Excitation- contraction Coupling
depolarization through conducting system is coupled to working cells (cardiomyocytes)
47
AV node
allows sequential atrial then ventricular contraction gatekeeper to ventricles reduced gap junctions
48
Internodal pathways/purkinje fibers
rapid spread of depolarization for near-simultaneous contraction of the chamber
49
cardiac conduction system structural features of cells
almost no contractile filaments increased gap junctions for impulse transmission except AV node which has reduced gap junctions to slow impulse
50
Transmission velocity in : * Atrial myocytes * atrial internodal pathways * AV node * purkinje fibers * ventricular myocytes
* Atrial myocytes- 0.3m/s Medium * atrial internodal pathways- 1m/s Fast * AV node- 0.05m/s slow * purkinje fibers- ~2m/s fast * ventricular myocytes- 0.4m/s medium
51
differences in action potentials between working and SA node myocytes
SA: spontaneous depolarization working: plateau at top from Ca2+ influx (phase 2) allows time for Ca2+ to accumulate for contraction
52
what comes first in the heart? electrical or mechanical events?
electrical
53
P wave
atrial depolarization
54
PQ/PR interval
AV node depolarizing slowly
55
QRS
ventricular depolarization
56
one cardiac cycle contains
one systole and one diastole
57
In a resting state does the heart spend more time in systole or diastole?
diastole
58
Is the cardiac cycle inversely or directly related to HR?
inversely cardiac cycle duration (s/beat)= 60sec/HR as HR increases, the cardiac cycle decreases
59
Isovolumetric contraction
ventricles start to contract but all the valves are still closed because pressure isn't high enough to open valves yet no blood flow in or out of ventricles very short systole
60
ventricular ejection
after isovolumetric contraction pressure in ventricle exceeds aorta/pulm a. aortic, pulmonary valve opens systole
61
isovolumetric relaxation
all valves closed, no blood in or out of ventricles after ventricular ejection when aortic/pulm valve closes bc pressure decrease in ventricle
62
ventricular filling
AV valves to ventricles are open, aortic and pulm valves are closed blood flows from atria to ventricles diastole
63
S1 heart sound
AV valves close LUB start systole semilunar valves open all species
64
S2 heart sound
Semilunar valves close end systole AV valves remain open all species
65
S3 heart sound
early diastole, early ventricular filling blood rushing into ventricles creates vibration can hear in horse and cow (large animals)
66
S4 heart sound
late diastole atrial contraction at end of diastole (ventricular filling) makes vibration only in large animals
67
end diastolic volume
how much blood there is in the ventricle at the end of diastole
68
end systolic volume
how much blood is left in the ventricle at the end of systole
69
stroke volume
difference between end systolic and end diastolic volume change in volume from diastole to systole
70
preload
**estimated by end diastolic volume** amount of filling related by sarcomere length at end of diastole (**wall tension** of the ventricle) increasing preload increases SV
71
afterload
contributes to ventricular wall stress during systole force that ventricular monocytes must overcome during ejection/systole (aortic pressure) increasing afterload decreases SV
72
contractility (ionotropy)
measure of intrinsic contractile performance of the cardiomyocytes independent of external factors such as preload and afterload how hard the muscle cells are contracting called ionotropy in clinics
73
positive vs negative ionotropic drugs
positive: increase contractility negative: decrease contractility
74
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by the blood in 1 minute CO = HR x SV
75
heart rate neural control
Sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation
76
stroke volume nervous system control
only sympathetic
77
ways to increase HR (action potentials)
increase/decrease phase 4 of AP
78
determinates stroke volume
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume preload alters EDV (directly related) afterload alters ESV (inversely related) contractility alters ESV
79
ways to increase SV
increase contractility increase preload reduce afterload

Normal animal Exam 2 (14 decks)

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