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Physiological Systems > PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART CHAPTER 22 > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART CHAPTER 22 Flashcards

1
Q

The __________ extends through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart.

AV node
SA node
right and left bundle branches
AV bundle

A

right and left bundle branches

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2
Q

2 The __________ component of the ECG represents the depolarization of the ventricles.

QRS complex
S-T segment
P-R segment
R-R interval

A

QRS complex

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3
Q

The __________ causes the first heart sound heard through a stethoscope.

closing of the semilunar valves
opening of the atrioventricular valves
closing of the atrioventricular valves
opening of the semilunar valves

A

closing of the atrioventricular valves

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4
Q

The __________ causes the second heart sound heard through a stethoscope.

closing of the atrioventricular valves
opening of the semilunar valves
opening of the atrioventricular valves
closing of the semilunar valves

A

closing of the semilunar valves

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5
Q

During the BIOPAC activity, the subject’s heart rate increases after exercise because

the body needs to be stronger.
the body needs to increase its number of red blood cells.
the body has a lower demand for nutrients.
the body has a greater demand for oxygen.

A

the body has a greater demand for oxygen.

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6
Q

During the BIOPAC activity, the subject’s Q-T interval shortens after physical exercise

because the heart is beating faster; the length of time for a ventricular contraction must shorten.
because the heart muscle is receiving too much oxygen.
because the heart contractions are stronger.
because the heart is beating too fast and is compensating.

A

because the heart is beating faster; the length of time for a ventricular contraction must shorten.

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7
Q

Which term is used to describe the structure that is also called the “pacemaker” of the heart?

bundle branch
AV node
SA node
terminal branch

A

SA node

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8
Q

The __________ is the first of the deflection waves on a typical ECG.

P-Q wave
QRS complex
P wave
T wave

A

Correct Answer:

P wave

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9
Q

What structure or activity is the direct source of the sounds in the heartbeat?

the contraction of ventricles
the rush of blood through the chambers
the snapping shut of valves
the electrical impulse between the SA and AV nodes

A

the snapping shut of valves

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10
Q

How many electrodes should be attached to the left forearm to record a 3 lead ECG?

0
1
2
3
A

Correct Answer:

0

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11
Q

The __________ is the term used to describe the chart produced when recording the electrical activity of the heart.

electrocardiogram
electrointrinsogram
electromyogram
electroencephalogram

A

electrocardiogram

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12
Q 
An electrocardiogram contains three \_\_\_\_\_- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  and is recorded with an -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) consists of three deflection waves (- wave, --- wave, and - wave) and a straight baseline called the ------- line. An ECG is recorded using an instrument called an electrocardiograph.
A 
An electrocardiogram contains three deflection waves and is recorded with an electrocardiograph.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) consists of three deflection waves (P wave, QRS wave, and P wave) and a straight baseline called the isoelectric line. An ECG is recorded using an instrument called an electrocardiograph.
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13
Q

Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what in the membrane?

Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
Protein carriers

A

Gap junctions

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14
Q

There are three channels essential for generating an action potential in autorhythmic cells. Which of the following ion channels have ions that move out of the cell?

Fast calcium
Potassium
Sodium

A

Potassium

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15
Q

If the sodium or fast calcium channels are open, the inside of the cell would become relatively more:

positive.
negative.

A

positive

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16
Q

The pacemaker potential (unstable resting membrane potential) in the SA node (an autorhythmic cell) is caused by decreased efflux of what ion?

Calcium
Sodium
Potassium

A

Potassium

17
Q

When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open, causing further depolarization of the membrane?

Slow calcium
Fast calcium
Sodium
Potassium

A

Fast calcium

18
Q

When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open, causing further depolarization of the membrane?

Slow calcium
Fast calcium
Sodium
Potassium

A

Potassium

19
Q

Where is the calcium stored in contractile cells?

T tubule
Gap junctions
Myofilaments
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

20
Q

What causes action potentials in contractile cells?

An unstable resting membrane potential
The flow of negative ions from adjacent cells
The flow of positive ions from adjacent cells

A

The flow of positive ions from adjacent cells

21
Q

The depolarization phase of contractile cells is caused by the opening of what voltage-gated channels?

Potassium
Slow calcium
Fast sodium
Fast calcium

A

Fast sodium

22
Q

The repolarization phase of contractile cells is delayed by the plateau phase. The opening of what voltage-gated channels is responsible for the plateau phase?

Fast calcium
Potassium
Slow calcium
Fast sodium

A

Slow calcium

23
Q

Depolarizing current from the autorhythmic cells causes the ventricular muscle cells to

A

contract

24
Q

Name the three channels essential for generating an action potential and indicate which way the ions move (circle the correct one):

  1. ______________ channels into or out of
  2. ______________ channels into or out of
  3. ______________ channels into or out of
A
  1. sodium, into
  2. potassium, out of
  3. fast calcium, into
25
Q

If the sodium channel or the fast calcium channels are open, the inside of the cell would be relatively more

A

positive

26
Q

The pacemaker potential is due to a/an ______ efflux of ____ ions compared to a normal influx of ____ ion

A

decreased, potassium, sodium

27
Q

Threshold for the action potential in the SA node is at ____ mV. What channels open, causing depolarization? ______________

A

-40, fast calcium channels

28
Q

The reversal of membrane potential causes the _____ channels to open, causing the ______________ of the membrane.

A

potassium, repolarization

29
Q

The ______________ pumps sodium out and potassium into the cell, restoring ion concentrations to their resting levels.

A

Na+-K+ ATPase

30
Q

Where is calcium stored in the contractile cells?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

Gap junctions allow what cations to pass into the cardiac contractile cells, causing the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels?

A

Sodium, calcium, and potassium

32
Q

State the voltage-gated channels responsible for the following stages of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells:

a. Depolarization ______________________
b. Plateau ______________________
c. Repolarization ______________________

A

a. fast sodium channels
b. slow calcium channels
c. potassium channels

33
Q

What channels in the autorhythmic cells allow ions to leak in, producing a pacemaker potential? (Quiz section) ______________

A

Sodium channels

34
Q

What channels in the autorhythmic cells bring about depolarization? _____________

A

Calcium channels

Physiological Systems (24 decks)

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