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Esthetics > physiology&histology of skin > Flashcards

physiology&histology of skin Flashcards

chapter 3

1
Q

5 fun facts about skin

A

skin accounts for about 15% of body weight
every minute your body sheds 30 000 dead skin cells
everyone has the same amount of melanocytes
thickest of soles of feet
thinnest on eyelid
bonus: scar tissue lacks hair and sweat glands

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2
Q

why should aestheticians have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin?

A

to understand how all body systems work together,
learn and understand the aging process, hormonal influences, and nutrition on skin health.
so much to study as our largest organ

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3
Q

what are the building blocks of body tissue?

A

proteins (which are made of amino acids, which form peptides)

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4
Q

appendages of the skin (most accessory organs)

A

hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

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5
Q

4 things to describe healthy skin

A

slightly moist, soft, smooth, and slightly acidic (5.5 pH)

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6
Q

what are the 5 functions of skin?

A

sensation, protection, heat regulation, excretion, absorption

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7
Q

describe sensation:

A

nerve fibers sense when we are touched: heat, cold, touch, pain, pressure

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8
Q

describe protection

A

the skin is a thin, strong, protective barrier to outside elements and organisms. includes the acid mantle made of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water.

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9
Q

describe heat regulation

A

internal thermostat usually 98.6 deg. feh. when the outside temperature changes, the skin automatically adjusts to warm or cool as necessary

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10
Q

describe excretion

A

sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration

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11
Q

describe secretion

A

sebum is an oily substance that protects and lubricates the skin and hair. slows down the evaporation of water which would cause dehydration/tewl

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12
Q

describe absorption

A

the skin selectively absorbs topical products, serums, and creams through the cells, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands

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13
Q

define barrier function

A

is the skin’s mechanism that protects us from irritation and intercellular transepidermal water loss, includes the acid mantle

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14
Q

what are the three layers of the skin?

A

subcutaneous, dermis, epidermis

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15
Q

what is subcutaneous tissue?

A

aka adipose tissue, 80% fat, creates protective cushion that gives contour and smoothness to the body, and is a source of energy for the body.

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16
Q

what is the dermis and what are the layers?

A

derma/corium/cutis/true skin is the support layer of connective tissues above the subcutaneous tissue. reticular and papillary layer.

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17
Q

the denser, deeper layer of the dermis, is comprised mainly of collagen and elastin

A

reticular layer of the dermis:

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18
Q

upper part of the dermis; connects the dermis to the epidermis

A

papillary layer of the dermis; dermal/epidermal junction

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19
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans?

A

large protein molecules and water binding substances found between fibres if the dermis, work to maintain and support collagen and elastin retain moisture.

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20
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum germinativum
stratum spinous
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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21
Q

what is composed of keratin and make up 95% of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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22
Q

what is the fibrous protein that provides resiliency and protection

A

keratin

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23
Q

what is known as the basement, basal layer. in this active layer mitosis is happening consistently making new stem cells

A

germinativum layer

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24
Q

in which layer do cells continue to divide and change shape, enzymes create lipids and proteins. cell appendages that resemble spines help hold cells together. largest layer of the epidermis.

A

stratum spinosum, spiny layer

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25
Q

keratin filaments; the protein bonds that create the junction between the cells. they strengthen the epidermis and assist w intercellular communication

A

desmosomes

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26
Q

what is the second kind of cells found in the spiny/spinosum layer which help the body from infections by identifying foreign material?

A

langerhans immune cells

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27
Q

what are the cells called that contain lipids to maintain barrier function?

A

lamellar granules

28
Q

what is the layer of the epidermis that is composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin. production of keratin and and intercellular lipids takes place here. desmosomes are dissolves, cells are keratinized and sent up. triglycerides, ceramides, waxes, and other intercellular lipids are made here.

A

stratum granulosum

29
Q

what is the thin clear layer of dead skin cells of the epidermis, forms our finger and footprints

A

stratum lucidum

30
Q

what is the top, outermost layer of the epidermis. very thin but waterproof and permeable, regenerates, detoxifies the body and responds to stimuli.

A

stratum corneum

31
Q

what are the two types of keratin?

A

alpha/a-keratin; softer
beta/b-keratin; harder

32
Q

what is the technical term for nail?

A

onyx

33
Q

what glands are connected to hair follicles and produce oil?

A

sebaceous glands

34
Q

what gland helps regulate body temp and what are the two kinds?

A

sudoriferous glands
apocrine, eccrine

35
Q

what glands have a coiled structure and are found in the underarms and genital area?

A

apocrine glands

36
Q

what glands are found all over he body but primarily on the forehead, palms of hands, soles of feet, and are not connected to hair follicles?

A

eccrine glands

37
Q

what are white blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites?

A

leukocytes

38
Q

what type of lymphocyte attacks virus infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and where does it come from?

A

T cells and they come from the thymus gland

39
Q

what is it called when a person has a purple/bluish tone under their nails?

A

cyanosis

40
Q

what is a clear fluid of the body that resembles blood plasma but contains only colourless corpuscles, bathes the skin cells, removes toxins and cellular waste?

A

lymph

41
Q

what lipids are found in the stratum corneum?

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, squalene, and waxes

42
Q

what is a group of waxy lipid molecules such as glycolipids that are important to barrier function and water-holding capacity?

A

ceramides

43
Q

the cells of which organs are replaced every six to nine months?

A

skin, heart, liver, kidneys

44
Q

the cells of what are replaced every 7 years?

A

bones

45
Q

what treatments could aid aging skin?

A

vitamin a, alpha hydroxy acids, alpha lipoid acid, and other growth factors

46
Q

what % of our aging is from sun exposure?

A

80-85%

47
Q

which radiation are 320-400nm and cause genetic damage and cell death?

A

UV-A radiation, aging rays

48
Q

which radiation are 290-320nm, penetrates the skin less but causes more damage, and contributes to vitamin d synthesis?

A

UV-B radiation, burning rays

49
Q

describe UV-C

A

more energy than UVA & UVB, reacts w o-zone, and from other human-made sources like welding torches and UV bulbs for killing bacteria

50
Q

what is high energy visible light and how does it affect skin?

A

blue light from electronics, said to penetrate the skin deeper that uv rays, damage collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin, worsen pigmentation problems

51
Q

what does sun protection defend against?

A

defends cells from radiation, cell death, tissue breakdown, and premature aging.

52
Q

what is caused by inflammation and are characterized by an unstable chain reaction cellular destruction begins as they steal electrons from other molecules?

A

free radicals

53
Q

what can donate electrons to free radicals?

A

antioxidants; proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and metabolites

54
Q

what environmental factors can affect the skin?

A

climate, humidity, pollutants

55
Q

name as many causes for microcirculation;

A

hereditary, trauma, pregnancy, alimentary problems, alcohol, smoking, sun damage

56
Q

what is the difference between a & b keratin?

A

b-keratin has lower moisture and fat

57
Q

what hormone stimulates cells to reproduce and heal?

A

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

58
Q

what is telangiectasia/couperose skin?

A

capillary wall dilation

59
Q

how fast does hair grow?

A

6 inches a year

60
Q

what are corneocytes?

A

hardened keratinocytes

61
Q

what are the membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis?

A

epidermal papillae

62
Q

what’s the result of contraction of the arrector pili?

A

goosebumps

63
Q

what are tube like openings in the epidermis?

A

follicles

64
Q

what is the process by which keratinocytes are continually shed from skin?

A

Desquamation

65
Q

what is caused by an elevation in blood sugar in which a protein molecule binds to a glucose molecule resulting in _ end products?

A

glycation; advanced glycation

66
Q

what lifestyle habits contribute to skin health?

A

smoking, drinking, unbalanced diet, lack of exercise

Esthetics (12 decks)

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