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Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A
  • a group of cells with similar structure and specialised function
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2
Q

What are body organs?

A
  • two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a specialised function
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3
Q

What are body systems?

A
  • group of organs that perform related functions, to achieve a common goal
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4
Q

Define homeostasis

A
  • the maintance of steady states within our bodies, by coordinated physiological mechanisms
  • maintance of a constant internal environment
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5
Q

Describe the 3 stages that make a control center?

A
  • sense
  • integrate
  • make
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6
Q

Explain intrinsic control

A
  • local controls that are within the organ
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7
Q

Explain extrinsic control

A
  • regulatory mechanisms initated outside an organ

- use of nervous and endocrine system

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8
Q

Explain feedforward control

A
  • responses made in anticipation of a change
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9
Q

Explain feedback control

A
  • responses made after a change has been detected
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10
Q

Explain positive feedback and an example

A
  • amplifies an inital change

- labour contraction

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11
Q

Explain negative feedback and an example

A
  • opposes inital change

- temperature regulation

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12
Q

Define blood pressure

A
  • outwards hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels
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13
Q

Systolic is when the heart _____

A
  • contracts
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14
Q

Define hypertension

A
  • clinical BP of 140/90mmHg or higher

- day time average of 135/85mmHg or higher

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15
Q

What is the pulse pressure? and what are its normal ranges?

A
  • the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

- usually between 30-50

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16
Q

Define mean arterial blood pressure?

A
  • the average blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle
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17
Q

Diastolic is ______ as long as systolic

A
  • twice
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18
Q

what is the usual value for mean arterial pressure?

A
  • 70-105mmHg
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19
Q

Equations to calculate MAP

A

MAP = (2 x diastolic + systolic ) / 3

MAP = diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

MAP = CO X SVR

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20
Q

____mmHg is the minimum MAP needed to perfuse organs

A

60

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21
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A
  • recognise the differences in MAP

- located in carotids and aortic arch

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22
Q

What happens to the firing of baroreceptors if MAP increases?

A
  • firing increases
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23
Q

Define cardiac output?

A
  • the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
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24
Q

Define stroke volume?

A
  • volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat
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25
Q

3 ways in which MAP can be regulated?

A
  • heart rate
  • systemic vascular resistance
  • stroke volume
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26
Q

How is systemic vascular resistance regulated?

A
  • vascular smooth muscle
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27
Q

Define vasomotor tone

A
  • when the vascualr smooth muscle is partially constricted at rest
  • due to tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves
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28
Q

There is no significant parasympathetic innervation on arterial smooth muscle?
true/false?

A
  • true

- only exceptions are the penis and clitoris

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29
Q

What are the 7 main vital signs recorded?

A
  • pulse (60-100bmp)
  • bp (<140/90mmHg - hypertensive)
  • temperature (core- 37.8)
  • capillary refill (>2secs)
  • resp rate (12-20)
  • consciousness
  • oxygen saturation (<95%)
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30
Q

What is the core body temperature? and what are the normal range?

A
  • the temperature deep within the body

- 37.8

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31
Q

Ear drum temperature range?

A

35.5 - 37.5

32
Q

Rectal temperature range?

A

36.7 - 37.5

33
Q

4 ways in which heat can be lost or gained in the body?

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
  • evaporation
34
Q

The bodys temperature is kept at a constant by _______ feedback control?

A
  • negative
35
Q

Where are the central thermoreceptors located?

A
  • hypothalamus

- organs

36
Q

Where are the peripheral thermoreceptors located?

A
  • skin
37
Q

What is the control center of body temperature?

A
  • hypothalamus
38
Q

the _____ end of the hypothalamus is activated by cold

A
  • posterior
39
Q

the ______ end of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth

A
  • anterior
40
Q

Explain how a fever is produced in response to infection

A
  • macrophages release endogenous pyrogen chemicals in response to an infection
  • these stimulate the hypothalamus to release prostaglandin
  • this resets the body thermostat to a higher temperature
  • imitates a cold response
41
Q

what temperature represents hyperthermia?

A

> 40

42
Q

what temperature represents hypothermia?

A

<35

43
Q

What is the role of a membrane?

A
  • forms a outer boundary of every cells
  • selectively permeable
  • controls entry of nutrients, and exit of waste products
44
Q

Explain the role of phospholipids in a membrane

A
  • hydrophilic head
  • hydrophobic tail
  • constantly moving –> fluid like appearance
45
Q

What is the role of cholestrol in the plasma membrane?

A
  • to provide stability
46
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins?

A
  • loosely associated

- lie on the top of the membrane

47
Q

What are integral proteins?

A
  • closely associated
  • may be transmembranal
  • may act as pores, channels, pumps and enzymes
48
Q

Name given to the layer formed by

glycoproteins + glycolipids?

A
  • glycocalyx
49
Q

What is used as a self-recognition marker on plasma membranes?

A
  • carbohydrate molecules

- different cells have different carbohydrate markers

50
Q

Another name for tight junctions?

A
  • occluding junctions
51
Q

Another name for desmosomes?

A
  • anchoring junctions
52
Q

Another name for gap junctions?

A
  • communicating junctions
53
Q

Role of tight junctions?

A
  • prevents diffusion
54
Q

Role of desmosomes?

A
  • anchor cells together
55
Q

Role of gap junctions?

A
  • all the movement of ions
56
Q

The plasma membrane is ____ permeable

A
  • selectively permeable
57
Q

What are the 2 main factors that influence membrane transport?

A
  • size and solubility of ion
58
Q

Explain unassisted membrane transport

A
  • movement is either down a concentration gradient

- or along a electrical gradient

59
Q

What are the 5 factors of Ficks law of diffusion?

A
  • magnitude of concentration gradient
  • surface area of membrane
  • lipid solubility
  • molecular weight
  • diffusion distance
60
Q

What does electrochemical gradient mean?

A
  • both chemical (concentration) and electrical gradients play a role in diffusion
61
Q

define osmolarity

A
  • concentration of osmotically active ions in a solution
62
Q

define tonicity

A
  • the effect of a solution on the the cell volume
63
Q

carrier mediated transport involves____ changes-

A
  • conformational changes
64
Q

What does Tm mean in relation to carrier mediated transport?

A
  • transport maximum

- saturation kinetics

65
Q

Define primary active transport

A
  • energy is required to move an ion against its concentration gradient
66
Q

Define secondary active transport

A
  • energy isn’t used directly

- couple to an ion transport

67
Q

2 different types of secondary transport?

A
  • symport (together)

- antiport (opposite)

68
Q

Energy is required for vesicular transport

- True or false?

A
  • TRUE
69
Q

2 Different types of vesicular transport?

A
  • endocytosis

- exocytosis

70
Q

Define membrane potential?

A
  • separation of opposing charges across a membrane (Em)
71
Q

The membrane of a cell is charged.

True or False?

A
  • FALSE

- the membrane itself isnt charged

72
Q

What is the concentration gradient for K+?

A
  • outward

- Ek = -90mV

73
Q

What is the concentration gradient for Na+?

A
  • inward

- Ena= +60mV

74
Q

What is the resting membrane potential? and why is it this value?

A
  • = -70mV

- Close to Ek (=-90) but slightly more positive due to the inward leakage of Na+

75
Q

How many more times permable is the membrane to K+ over Na+?

A
  • 100 times more permeable
76
Q

What directions does the Na/K+ pump work?

A
  • 3 Na+ outward

- 2 K+ inward

Principles (11 decks)

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