Pathology Flashcards
What are the 4 responses to injury?
- vascular changes
- cellular changes
- chemical mediators
- morphologic patterns
Explain the vascular changes in response to injury?
- vasodilation
- mediated by histamine and nitric oxide
Explain the cellular changes in response to injury?
- stasis
- white cell margination
- rolling
- adhesion
- migration
- chemotaxis
What happens to the vessels during acute inflammation?
- become leaky
- loss of proteins
- can cause ‘tumour’ –> swelling
What is chemotaxis?
- cells follow a chemical gradient and move along it
Explain the 3 steps involved in phagocytosis
- recognition and attachment
- engulfment
- killing and degradation
what causes recognition and attachment in phagocytosis
- mannose binding
- opsonisation
What is formed during engulfment in phagocytosis?
- phagosome
What is involved in killing and degradation in phagocytosis?
- reactive oxygen species
- NO is oxidised
Rubor?
- redness
Calor?
- heat
Tumour? and what causes it?
- swelling
- fluid in extracellular space
Dolor? and what causes it?
- painful
- prostaglandins and bradykinin
“Mediators of inflammation are long lived” true/false
FALSE
mediators of inflammation are short lived
What is the process of resolution
- good as new
- complete restoration
- minimal cell death
What is the process of suppuration
- pus (contains living, dead and dying cells)
What is an empyema?
- pus filled cavity
What is organisation?
- injury produces lots of necrosis and fibrin
- when damage goes beyond the basement membrane
What is granulation tissue?
- undergoes organisation to form fibrous scar
Scarring leads to____
- loss of function
The term given to fibrosis of the liver is____
- cirrhosis
Chronic inflammation is characterised by what cell?
- lymphocytes
What is chronic inflammation dependent on?
- persisent injury
- suppuration etc
What is a granuloma
localised collection of cells usually produced in response to an infectious agent
Caseous Necrosis???
TB
What does infarction mean?
- cell death after loss of oxygen
what is the time window for MI cell damage?
less than 20 minutes
What is hypoxic injury?
- pathological and results in necrosis
Necrosis requires __no/some___ energy?
- necrosis requires no energy
Necrosis is pathological
true/false?
- true
Coagulative necrosis?
- preservation of cell outline
Colliquative /liquefactive necrosis?
- pus, no cell structure remains
- stroke
Caseous necrosis?
- cheese like
- TB!
As time progresses after cell injury, neutrophils will be replaced by what?
- macrophages
- yellow in colour at autopsy
What are fibroblasts?
- lay down collagen
- complete after 6 weeks post MI
Chronic inflammation results in what?
- restitution
Define hypertrophy
- increase in cell size/volume