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Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane?

A

down the midline

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2
Q

Coronal plane?

A

Think like a crown

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3
Q

Axial plane?

A

Transverse through body

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4
Q

Opposite of dorsal of hand is……

A

palmar

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5
Q

Opposite of dorsal of wrist is…

A

volvar

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6
Q

Opposite of dorsal of the foot is….

A

plantar

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7
Q

Opposite of dorsal of the tongue is ….

A

ventral

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8
Q

Explain flexion of a joint

A

Decreases joint angle

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9
Q

Explain abduction

A

movement away from the medial plane

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10
Q

What is the circulatory system composed of?

A
  • lymphatic system

- cardiovascular system

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11
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • distribution of gases and other molecules (for growth, nutrition and repair)
  • chemical signalling (hormones)
  • thermoregulation
  • mediate inflammation and host defence responses
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12
Q

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • arterial system
  • heart
  • venous system
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13
Q

What are the two circulatory systems involved in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • pulmonary circulation

- systemic circulation

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14
Q

The 3 layers of the heart?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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15
Q

Name all 5 great vessels of the heart?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
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16
Q

Name the 4 heart valves in the order in which blood flows through the heart

A
  • tricuspid
  • pulmonary
  • mitral
  • aortic
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17
Q

Explain conduction within the heart

A
  • spontaneous electrical impulse at the SA node (causing atria to contract)
  • travels to AV nose at atrioventricular septum
  • travels down the bundle of his
  • spreads out to the punjki fibres (causing the ventricles to contract)
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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia
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19
Q

Explain the properties of arteries

A
  • high pressure
  • round lumen
  • pulsatile
  • carry oxygenated blood
  • deeper than veins
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20
Q

What is an anastomosis

A

where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
- provides an alternative route for blood to flow during a arterial occlusion

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21
Q

What is an end artery?

A
  • the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body
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22
Q

What is the purpose of elastic recoil?

A

maintains peripheral flow when the heart relaxes

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23
Q

Name the 4 parts of the aorta?

A
  • ascending aorta
  • arch of the aorta
  • thoracic aorta
  • Abdominal aorta
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24
Q

Explain the properties of veins

A
  • carry de-oxygenated
  • low pressure
  • non-pulsatile
  • drains blood away
  • has valves
  • thin walled, which are collapsed when empty
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25
Q

What 3 factors aid venous return?

A
  • venous valves
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • accompanying veins
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26
Q

2 main venous systems?

A
  • hepatic portal venous system

- systemic venous system

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27
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

bones of the:

  • skull
  • neck
  • trunk
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28
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the:

  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
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29
Q

Explain the functions of bones?

A
  • support and protection
  • calcium metabolism
  • red blood cell formation
  • attachment of muscle
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30
Q

What are the characteristics of bone?

A
  • hard

- rigid

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A
  • less rigid than bone

- where mobility is required

32
Q

What are the 3 types of joints? In order of most movable to least.

A
  • synovial
  • cartilaginous
  • fibrous
33
Q

What are the 2 locations called where muscle connects to bone?

A
  • origins

- insertions

34
Q

What does ‘perarticular’ mean?

A
  • around the joint

- in relation to anastamosis

35
Q

What attaches muscle to bones?

A
  • tendons
36
Q

What is an apopneurosis?

A
  • flattened tendon

- attach muscle to soft tissue (rather than bone)

37
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • involuntary, predictiable, rapid, reactions to danger
38
Q

What are the 2 types of reflexes?

A
  • strech reflex

- flexion withdrawl reflex

39
Q

How can you clinically assess the strech reflex?

A
  • tendon hammer
40
Q

What does paralysis mean?

A
  • a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply

- reduced tone

41
Q

What does spasticity mean?

A
  • a muscle with intact motor nerve function, but descending controls from the brain are not working
  • increased tone
42
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • muscle wasting
43
Q

What is hypertophy?

A
  • opposite of atrophy

- skeletal muscles enlarge

44
Q

Name of male gamete?

A
  • spermatoza
45
Q

Name of female gamete?

A
  • oocyte
46
Q

What is the name given to the gamete producing organ?

A
  • gonads
47
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

A
  • females
  • internal wall of skeletal muscle
  • seperates pelvic cavity and perineum
48
Q

What is the perineum?

A
  • inferior to the pelvic floor
49
Q

What are the 2 female pouches called?

Anterior to posterior

A
  • vesicouterine pouch

- rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of the female reproductive system called?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
51
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A
  • ampulla of the uterine tube
52
Q

What gatheres the ova from ovaries before it enters the uterine tube?

A
  • fimbriae
53
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • when implantation occurs outwith the uterine tube

- risk of hameorrhage

54
Q

Explain the development of testis?

A
  • originate on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
  • descened before birth
  • pass inguinal cancal
55
Q

What connects the testis to the urethra?

A
  • vas deferens
56
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
57
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the testis that can help regulate temperature?

A
  • dartos muscle
58
Q

Explain the movement of sperm?

A
  • produced in seminiferous tubules
  • passes to rete testis
  • enters head of the epipdidmis
  • enters vas deferens
  • passes through anterior inguinal cancal
  • joins to seminial gland
  • passes prostrate gland
59
Q

What 3 things are contained within the spermatic cord?

A
  • vas deferens
  • pampiniform plexus of veins
  • testicular artery
60
Q

What is the name given to female sterilisation?

A
  • Tubal ligation
61
Q

What is the name given to male sterilisation?

A
  • vasectomy
62
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

63
Q

What makes up the Peripheral nervous system?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • crainial nerves
  • autonomic nerves
64
Q

A collection of neurons in the PNS is refered to as what?

A
  • ganglion
65
Q

What is the axon in a nerve insulated by?

A
  • myelin sheath
66
Q

What is the nervous system?

A
  • made up of neurons and their supporting cells (glia)
67
Q

Peripheral nerves are individual nerves?

true/false?

A
  • false

- peripheral nerves are bundles of nerves

68
Q

6 different modalities of a nerve?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • somatic sensory
  • somatic motor
  • special sensory
  • visceral afferent
69
Q

Motor nerves are efferent or afferent?

A
  • efferent
70
Q

Sensory nerves are efferent or afferent?

A
  • afferent
71
Q

Name the 4 regions of the skull?

A
  • frontal
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • occipital
72
Q

Name the 12 crainial nerves

A 
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducent
facial
vestiobulcohclear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accessory
hypoglossal
73
Q

name the 5 segments of the spinal cord?

A
  • cervial
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • occygeal
74
Q

Name the 4 nerve plexuses?

A
  • cervial
  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral
75
Q

Sympathetic spinal exits?

A
  • T 1 - L2
76
Q

Parasympathetic spinal exists?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

Principles (11 decks)

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