Anatomy Flashcards
Sagittal plane?
down the midline
Coronal plane?
Think like a crown
Axial plane?
Transverse through body
Opposite of dorsal of hand is……
palmar
Opposite of dorsal of wrist is…
volvar
Opposite of dorsal of the foot is….
plantar
Opposite of dorsal of the tongue is ….
ventral
Explain flexion of a joint
Decreases joint angle
Explain abduction
movement away from the medial plane
What is the circulatory system composed of?
- lymphatic system
- cardiovascular system
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
- distribution of gases and other molecules (for growth, nutrition and repair)
- chemical signalling (hormones)
- thermoregulation
- mediate inflammation and host defence responses
What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?
- arterial system
- heart
- venous system
What are the two circulatory systems involved in the cardiovascular system?
- pulmonary circulation
- systemic circulation
The 3 layers of the heart?
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
Name all 5 great vessels of the heart?
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
Name the 4 heart valves in the order in which blood flows through the heart
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
- mitral
- aortic
Explain conduction within the heart
- spontaneous electrical impulse at the SA node (causing atria to contract)
- travels to AV nose at atrioventricular septum
- travels down the bundle of his
- spreads out to the punjki fibres (causing the ventricles to contract)
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica adventitia
Explain the properties of arteries
- high pressure
- round lumen
- pulsatile
- carry oxygenated blood
- deeper than veins
What is an anastomosis
where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
- provides an alternative route for blood to flow during a arterial occlusion
What is an end artery?
- the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body
What is the purpose of elastic recoil?
maintains peripheral flow when the heart relaxes
Name the 4 parts of the aorta?
- ascending aorta
- arch of the aorta
- thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
Explain the properties of veins
- carry de-oxygenated
- low pressure
- non-pulsatile
- drains blood away
- has valves
- thin walled, which are collapsed when empty
What 3 factors aid venous return?
- venous valves
- skeletal muscle pump
- accompanying veins
2 main venous systems?
- hepatic portal venous system
- systemic venous system
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
bones of the:
- skull
- neck
- trunk
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the:
- pectoral girdle
- pelvic girdle
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
Explain the functions of bones?
- support and protection
- calcium metabolism
- red blood cell formation
- attachment of muscle
What are the characteristics of bone?
- hard
- rigid
What are the characteristics of cartilage?
- less rigid than bone
- where mobility is required
What are the 3 types of joints? In order of most movable to least.
- synovial
- cartilaginous
- fibrous
What are the 2 locations called where muscle connects to bone?
- origins
- insertions
What does ‘perarticular’ mean?
- around the joint
- in relation to anastamosis
What attaches muscle to bones?
- tendons
What is an apopneurosis?
- flattened tendon
- attach muscle to soft tissue (rather than bone)
What are reflexes?
- involuntary, predictiable, rapid, reactions to danger
What are the 2 types of reflexes?
- strech reflex
- flexion withdrawl reflex
How can you clinically assess the strech reflex?
- tendon hammer
What does paralysis mean?
- a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
- reduced tone
What does spasticity mean?
- a muscle with intact motor nerve function, but descending controls from the brain are not working
- increased tone
What is atrophy?
- muscle wasting
What is hypertophy?
- opposite of atrophy
- skeletal muscles enlarge
Name of male gamete?
- spermatoza
Name of female gamete?
- oocyte
What is the name given to the gamete producing organ?
- gonads
What is the pelvic floor?
- females
- internal wall of skeletal muscle
- seperates pelvic cavity and perineum
What is the perineum?
- inferior to the pelvic floor
What are the 2 female pouches called?
Anterior to posterior
- vesicouterine pouch
- rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
What are the 3 layers of the female reproductive system called?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
- ampulla of the uterine tube
What gatheres the ova from ovaries before it enters the uterine tube?
- fimbriae
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
- when implantation occurs outwith the uterine tube
- risk of hameorrhage
Explain the development of testis?
- originate on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
- descened before birth
- pass inguinal cancal
What connects the testis to the urethra?
- vas deferens
Where is sperm produced?
- seminiferous tubules
What is the name of the muscle on the testis that can help regulate temperature?
- dartos muscle
Explain the movement of sperm?
- produced in seminiferous tubules
- passes to rete testis
- enters head of the epipdidmis
- enters vas deferens
- passes through anterior inguinal cancal
- joins to seminial gland
- passes prostrate gland
What 3 things are contained within the spermatic cord?
- vas deferens
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- testicular artery
What is the name given to female sterilisation?
- Tubal ligation
What is the name given to male sterilisation?
- vasectomy
What makes up the central nervous system?
- brain
- spinal cord
What makes up the Peripheral nervous system?
- spinal nerves
- crainial nerves
- autonomic nerves
A collection of neurons in the PNS is refered to as what?
- ganglion
What is the axon in a nerve insulated by?
- myelin sheath
What is the nervous system?
- made up of neurons and their supporting cells (glia)
Peripheral nerves are individual nerves?
true/false?
- false
- peripheral nerves are bundles of nerves
6 different modalities of a nerve?
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
- somatic sensory
- somatic motor
- special sensory
- visceral afferent
Motor nerves are efferent or afferent?
- efferent
Sensory nerves are efferent or afferent?
- afferent
Name the 4 regions of the skull?
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
Name the 12 crainial nerves
olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducent facial vestiobulcohclear glossopharyngeal vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal
name the 5 segments of the spinal cord?
- cervial
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- occygeal
Name the 4 nerve plexuses?
- cervial
- brachial
- lumbar
- sacral
Sympathetic spinal exits?
- T 1 - L2
Parasympathetic spinal exists?
CN III, VII, IX, X
