Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A
  • identify and eliminate microrganisms, harmful substances and abnormal cancer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can we manipulate the immune system?

A
  • immunization
  • anti-inflmmatory/immunosupression drugs
  • cancer immunotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is innate immunity

A
  • present continously
  • from birth
  • non-specific
  • quick response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is acqruired immunity?

A
  • induced by prescence of foregin objects
  • specific
  • slower response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most important barrier to infection?

A
  • the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

meaning of commensal?

A
  • part of the normal floar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain phagocytosis?

A
  • macrophages express PRR
  • bind to PAMPs on pathogen
  • form phagosome
  • fusion with lysommones
  • debris released
  • MHC-11 display pathogen particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can phagocytosis be enhanced?

A
  • opsonisation

- cover the pathogen in soluble factors(opsins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of opsonins?

A
  • C3b
  • IgG/IgM
  • CRP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can a mast cell do?

A
  • degranulation

- gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of pro-inflammatory substances?

A
  • nitric oxide
  • prostaglandis
  • histamines
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 4 cells involved in innate immunity?

A
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • neutrophils
  • natural killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can the complement system cause a cascade of?

A
  • opsonization of pathogens
  • direct pathogen killing
  • acute inflammation
  • leukocyte recruitment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the complement system

A 
C3 --> C3b + C3a (by MBL)
C3b binds to pathogen
acts as a C5 convertase
C5 --> C5b + Cba
C5b binds to pathogen --> MAC (membrane attack complex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What acts as acute inflammation triggers in the complement cascade?

A
  • C3a

- C5a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the process of neutrophil recruitment and initation

A
  • proinflammatory mediators cause vasodilation and an increase in vascular permebility of the endothelial cells of blood vessels
  • neutrophils margination and rolling
  • binding to adhesion molecules (ICAM-1)
  • transendothelial migration (diapedesis)
  • chemotaxis
  • phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are virally infected cells destroyed?

A
  • release small proteins called interferons
  • warn nearby cells of the presence of a virus
  • induce apoptosis by natural killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A
  • kill virally infected cells and abnormal cancer cells

- by causing apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A
  • the bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A
  • the thymus
21
Q

What are B cells responsible for?

A
  • producing antibodies that attack pathogens

- humoral immune response

22
Q

What are T cells responsible for?

A
  • cellular immune responses
  • CD4+ T cells (helper)
  • CD8+ T cells (killer)
23
Q

Explain the structure of an antibody

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • 2 x light chains
  • 2 x heavy chains
24
Q

Where are the 2 primary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • bone marrow

- spleen

25
Q

What are plasma cells?

A
  • produce and secrete soluble antigen specific antibodies
26
Q

What are memory B cells?

A
  • long lived cells that continue to circulate around the body
27
Q

What 2 signals does a B cell recieve before it is activated?

A
  • BCR binding

- Th cell or PRR + PAMP

28
Q

IgM? structure

A
  • first Ig produced

- pentamer structure

29
Q

Functions of IgM

A
  • aggultination

- complement system activation

30
Q

What is agglutination?

A
  • clumping together to form an immune complex
  • IgG and IgM
  • enhances phagocytosis
31
Q

What is the structure of IgG?

A
  • Monomeric
32
Q

What is the function of IgG

A
  • 2nd to be produced
  • most abundent Ig
  • can be passed across the placenta
  • agglutation
  • opsonisation
  • activating NK cells
33
Q

IgD?

A
  • Low levels

- surface bound

34
Q

IgA?

A
  • 2nd most abundent
  • monomeric in blood
  • dimeric in breast milk
35
Q

What 2 Ig can be passed from mother to infant?

A
  • IgG (across placenta)

- IgA (breast milk)

36
Q

IgE?

A
  • Triggers allergic responses
37
Q

Explain the role of CD4+ T cells?

A
  • key regulators of the entire immune system
38
Q

Explain the role of CD8+ T cells?

A
  • kill virally infected body cells
39
Q

Explain the make up of a TCR?

A
  • T cell antigen receptor
  • membrane bound protein heterodimer
  • composed of an alpha and beta chain
40
Q

T cells can only recognise _____ antigens present to their TCR by _________

A
  • T cells can only recognise peptide antigens present to their TCR by MHC molecules
41
Q

What does MHC stand for and what are their roles?

A
  • Major histocompatibility complex

- displays peptide antigens to T cells

42
Q

What are class I MHC molecules?

A
  • expressed on all nucleated cells

- present peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells

43
Q

What are class II MHC molecules?

A
  • only expressed on professional antigen presenting cells

- present peptide antigens to CD4+ T cells

44
Q

Examples of proffessional antigen presenting cells?

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • B cells
45
Q

CD4+ T cells release what growth factor?

A
  • IL 2

- Stimulates further proliferation of CD4+ T Th0 cells and increases CD8+ T cell proliferation

46
Q

What do CD8+ T cell proliferate into?

A
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

- kill virally infected cells

47
Q

Function of TFH cells?

A
  • germinal centre reaction

- B cell co-stimulation

48
Q

Function of TH1 cells?

A
  • increases macrophage killing

- releases pro-inflammatory cytokines

Principles (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions