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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the 3 layers that make up blood vessels

A 
Tunica intima (squamous epithelial cells)
Tunica media (smooth muscle)
Tunica adventitia (supportive connective tissue)
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2
Q

What seperates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia

A

external elastic membrane

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3
Q

What seperates the tunica media from the tunica intima

A

internal elastic membrane

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4
Q

Explain what elastic arteries are

A
  • large arteries e.g. aorta
  • contain sheets of elastic fibres
  • provide elastic recoil
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5
Q

Explain the histology of arterioles

A
  • contain 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle

- almost no tunica adventitia

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6
Q

Explain the histology of capillaries

A
  • endothelial cells and basal lamina

- may contain pericytes

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7
Q

What are pericytes

A

connective tissue with contractile properties

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries

A
  • continous (muscle, connective tissue)
  • fenestrated (small pores - gut, endocrine glands)
  • discountious (large gaps - liver, spleen)
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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
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10
Q

Where are intercalated disks found and what is their purpose

A
  • found in the contractile cardiac muscle in the myocardium

- allows the spread of electrical activity

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11
Q

Two types of pericardium

A
  • fibrous (fibrocollagenous connective tissue)
  • serous (simple squamous epithemlium)

Serous lies in the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

What lie inbetween the 2 pericardiums?

A

pericardial cavity

small amount of fluid for lubrication

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13
Q

Explain the histology of the heart valves

A
  • outer endothelial layer with basal lamina
  • layer of collagen and elastin fibres
  • lamina fibrosa lies on the fibrous skeleton
  • chordae tendineae (fibre like)
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14
Q

What would pacemaker cells look like down the microscope

A
  • pale in colour

- smaller than contractile myocytes

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15
Q

What would purkinnje fibres look like down the microscope?

A
  • paler in colour
  • larger than cardiac muscle cells
  • found in subendocardial layer
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16
Q

What are the 5 main components found in all Eukaryotic Cells?

A
  • an outer membrane
  • inner cytosol
  • cytoskeleton
  • membrane bound organelles
  • inclusions
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17
Q

What are inclusions

A
  • other structures within the cytoplasm which may or may not be bound by a membrane
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18
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

it has a fluid/gel-like properties

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19
Q

What is the plasmalemma?

A
  • separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment
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20
Q

What is the plasmalemma composed of?

A
  • amphiphatic phospholipids
  • hydrophilic head
  • hydrophobic (fatty acid) chains
  • may contain integral proteins
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21
Q

What are 2 main differences between inclusions and organelles?

A
  • inclusions are non-living, may or may not be membrane bound
  • organelles are living and are membrane bound
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22
Q

What is the job of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • protein synthesis

- studded with ribosomes

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23
Q

What is the job of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • cholesterol and lipid synthesis
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24
Q

What are the 3 main classes of filaments in the cytoskeleton? and what are their sizes?

A
  • microfilaments (7um)
  • intermediate filaments (>10um)
  • microtubules (25um)
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25
Q

Explain microfilaments

A
  • 7um
  • composed of protein actin
  • assemble and disassemble –> very dynamic
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26
Q

Explain intermediate filaments

A
  • > 10um

- bind intracellular elements together and to the plasmalemma

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27
Q

Explain microtubules

A
  • hollow tubule composed of alpha and beta tubulin
  • originate from centrosome
  • include stabilising proteins (MAPS)
  • they are polar
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28
Q

What are kinesin and dynein?

what way do they move?

A

They are both ATPases that attach to microtubules

  • Kinein moves to cell periphery
  • Dynein moves to cell centre (dynein comes home for dinner)
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29
Q

Name given to the gap between the outer and inner nuclear membrane?

A
  • perinuclear cistern
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30
Q

Euchromatin

A
  • DNA that is more dipsersed

- actively undergoing transcription

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31
Q

Heterochromatin

A
  • DNA that is highly condenses

- not undergoing transcription

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32
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and what are the 2 categories?

A
  • forms a network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments in the cell
  • SER
  • RER
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33
Q

What is the Golgi complex composed of?

A
  • flattened, membrane bound cisternae
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34
Q

What is the role of the Golgi complex?

A
  • modification and packaging of macromolecules that arrive from SER and RER
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35
Q

What is the Cristae?

A
  • Innerfolds of the mitochondrial membrane
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36
Q

What are intracellular junctions?

A
  • specialised membrane structures which link individual cells together into a functional unit
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37
Q

What are the 3 types of intracellular junctions?

A
  • occluding
  • anchoring
  • communicating
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38
Q

What do occluding junctions do?

A
  • join cells together to create a diffusion barrier
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39
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A
  • provide mechanical strength
40
Q

What do communicating junctions do?

A
  • allow movement of molecules between cells
41
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A
  • close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues
42
Q

Another name for occluding junctions?

A
  • Tight junctions
43
Q

Another name for anchoring junctions?

A
  • desmosomes
44
Q

Another name for communicating junctions?

A
  • gap junctions
45
Q

Explain how a tissue sample is made?

A
  • tissue fixed
  • thinly sliced
  • impregnated with wax
  • dehydrated, hot solvent
  • cut thinly on microtome
  • washed
46
Q

What is haematoxylin?

A
  • basic dye
  • affinity for acidic
  • stains purplish/blue
47
Q

What is eosin?

A
  • acidic dye
  • affinity for basic
  • stains pink
48
Q

What are the 4 different types of tissue?

A
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
49
Q

What is the role of epithelium?

A
  • cover body surfaces and line hollow organs
  • mechanical barriers
  • chemical barriers
  • glands
50
Q

What is the role of connective tissue

A
  • in the growth, development and homeostasis of tissues
51
Q

What is the role of muscle tissue?

A
  • specialized cells to generated force by contraction
52
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A
  • rapid communication between cells

- made up of neurons and their supporting cells (glia)

53
Q

True or false

“epithelium is non-vascular”

A

true

54
Q

What are the 3 different shapes of epithelium?

A
  • squamous
  • cubodial
  • columnar
55
Q

What are the 3 different layers of epithelium called?

A
  • simple
  • stratifies
  • psuedostratified
56
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A
  • produces secretory products, such as oil, sweat, tears and milk
57
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A
  • secret towards apical end

- ducted glands

58
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A
  • secret towards basal end
  • ductless glands
  • to circulatory system (look for cappilaries)
59
Q

3 different types of connective tissue?

A
  • hard
  • soft
  • blood and lymph
60
Q

what does connective tissue consist of?

A
  • extracellular matrix

- cells

61
Q

3 different types of hard connective tissue?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
62
Q

3 different types of muscle tissue?

A
  • smooth
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
63
Q

Explain smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • central nucleus
  • no stritations
  • visceral
64
Q

Explain cardiac muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • stritated
  • single nucleus
  • intercalated discs
65
Q

Explain skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary
  • cylindrical
  • multinucleated
  • stritated
66
Q

Explain what multipolar nerves mean?

A
  • many dentrites

- 1 axon

67
Q

Explain what psuedounipolar nerves mean?

A
  • same direction
68
Q

Explain what bipolar nerves mean?

A
  • one dentrite

- one axon

69
Q

What are the 3 different types of glia?

A
  • oligodenrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
70
Q

Role of microglia?

A
  • provide immune surveillance
71
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes

A
  • produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord
72
Q

Role of astrocytes?

A
  • support ion transport

- induce blood brain barrier

73
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
74
Q

What is the most external tissue on the digestive tract?

A
  • muscularis externa
75
Q

what is the name of the digestive tract nervous system?

A

-enteric nervous system

76
Q

explain the histology of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

A
  • bronchi larger in size, hyaline cartilage
  • bronchioles, smaller, no cartilage, smooth muscle
  • alveoli simple squamous epithelium
77
Q

what is the liver made up of?

A
  • lobules
78
Q

What shape is a lobule in the liver?

A
  • hexagonal
79
Q

What veins/arteries are on the corner of a liver lobule?

A
  • hepatic vein

- heaptic artery

80
Q

Where is the central vein located in a liver lobule

A
  • centre of hexagon
81
Q

What is unique about the pancrease glands?

A
  • endocrine and exocrine
82
Q

what does the pancrease endocrine glands secrete?

A
  • insulin
83
Q

What does the pancrease exocrine glands secrete?

A
  • digestive juices
84
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia
85
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A
  • innermost of blood vessel

- composed of squamous epithelium

86
Q

What is the tunica media?

A
  • composed of smooth muscle
87
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A
  • supporting connective tissue
88
Q

What are the names of the membranes that seperates tunica intima and tunica media?

A
  • internal elastic membrane
89
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A
  • larger arteries
  • provides elastic recoil
  • sheets of elastic tissue replaces smooth muscle
90
Q

Define vasa vasorum?

A
  • large arteries have their own vascular supply
91
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A
  • endothelial cells

- basal lamina

92
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  • continous
  • fenestrated
  • discontinuous
93
Q

What are the histological differences in large veins?

A
  • thick tunica adventitia

- contains smooth muscle

94
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A
  • no nucleus
  • red blood cell
  • biconcave
  • survive 4 months
  • 7um in size
95
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • granules

- multi-lobed nucleus

96
Q

What would eosinophils look like down a microscope

A
  • bilobed nuclease

Principles (11 decks)

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