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Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the characteristics of a eukaryote?

A
  • complex
  • multi-cellular
  • linear chromosomes
  • no cell wall
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2
Q

Explain the characteristics of a prokaryote?

A
  • simple
  • circular plasmids
  • rigid cell wall
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3
Q

Gram +ve cell wall is usually_________-

A
  • thicker Peptidoglycon

- 1 layer of phopholipids

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4
Q

Gram -ve cell wall is usually___________

A
  • thinner Peptidoglycon

- 2 layers of phospholipids

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5
Q

What colour does gram positive stain

A
  • purple
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6
Q

What colour does gram negative stain?

A
  • pink
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7
Q

Gram positive usually have pilus or fimbriae?

A
  • fimbriae
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8
Q

Gram negative usually have pilus or fimbriae?

A
  • pilus
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9
Q

What is the role of fimbriae and pilus

A
  • fimbriae increases surface area

- adherence and sex

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10
Q

How do prokaryotes grow?

A
  • by binary fission
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11
Q

What are some factors that effect the rate of growth in prokaryotes?

A
  • food
  • temperature
  • oxygen concentration
  • pH
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12
Q

What are the four stages of a prokaryotic life?

A
  • lag
  • log
  • stationary
  • decline
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13
Q

Exotoxins are usually produced by gram___ bacteria?

A
  • positive
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14
Q

Endotoxins are usually produced by gram___ bacteria?

A
  • negative
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15
Q

Shape of cocci?

A
  • spheres

- clusters or chains

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16
Q

Shape of bacilli?

A
  • rods
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17
Q

What are spores?

A
  • inert structures

- resistant to physical and chemical challenge

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18
Q

What is an example of an organism that doesnt stain with gram staining?

A
  • TB
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19
Q

Define aerobic?

A
  • grows in oxygen
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20
Q

Define obligate aerobes

A
  • requires oxygen
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21
Q

Define obligate anerobes

A
  • killed by oxygen
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22
Q

Define facultative anerobes

A
  • tolerated oxygen
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23
Q

What is a selective media?

A
  • a media that selects for the growth of one organism over another
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24
Q

What is a differential media?

A
  • incorporation of different chemicals to produce visible changes
  • allows identification
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25
Q

How can you test streptococcus?

A
  • haemolysis test
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26
Q

Alpha haemolysis looks like what? and suggests what?

A
  • partial haemolysis
  • strep pneumonia
  • strep virdians
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27
Q

Beta haemolysis looks like what? and suggests what?

A
  • complete haemolysis

- strep A or B

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28
Q

What is a serological test?

A
  • immune response test

- detects IgM

29
Q

Agglutination test

A
  • type of serological test

- detects antibodies associated with agglutination (immune complex formation)

30
Q

Define virulence

A
  • the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host
31
Q

Define commensal

A
  • part of the normal gut flora
32
Q

Define pathogen

A
  • harmful organism which produces a pathology
33
Q

Name some examples of fungal infections

A
  • candida spp.
  • yeast
  • mould
34
Q

Name some examples of gram postivie pathogens

A
  • stapholycoccus
  • strephtococcus
  • enterococcus
  • clostridium
35
Q

Name some examples of gram negative pathogens

A
  • neisseria
  • escherichia
  • klebsiella
  • eneterobacter
36
Q

What is a coliform?

A
  • gram negative bacilli
  • look like E.coli
  • part of normal bowel flora
  • can cause UTIs
37
Q

First line antibiotic for a coliform?

A
  • gentamicin
38
Q

Explain fever production

A
  • antigen binds to macrophage
  • macrophage releases cytokines
  • cytokines travel to anterior hypothalamus
  • prostaglandin E released
  • causes a reset in body thermostat
  • fever production
39
Q

Explain sepsis?

A
  • small blood vessels become leaky
  • loss in blood volume
  • heart rate increases
  • poor oxygen perfusion of organs -> shut down
  • clotting factors activated
40
Q

What test can be used to determin between different streptococcu?

A
  • haemolysis test
41
Q
  • Alpha haemolysis suggests?
A
  • strep viridians
42
Q
  • Beta haemolysis suggests?
A
  • complete haemolysis

- strep A or B

43
Q

Streptococcus would look like what down the microscope?

A
  • cocci chains
44
Q

What would staphlococcus look like down the microscope?

A
  • cocci clusters
45
Q

What test is used to distinguish between staphloccus?

A
  • coagulase test
46
Q

What is a clostridiodes?

A
  • gram positive anaerobic bacilli
  • produce spores
  • produce exotoxins
47
Q

Explain the components of a virus?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • protein coat
  • envelope
  • may have protein spikes
48
Q

Do viruses have RNA or DNA?

A
  • they can have either

- they never have both due to their limitations in size

49
Q

Explain virus attachment?

A
  • virus spikes antigen to human cell

- ligand and receptor binding

50
Q

Explain entry of a virus into a human cell

A
  • endocytosis

- viral enzymes

51
Q

Explain uncoating of a virus

A
  • viral nucleic acids released from virus
  • ## may be due to viral ion pump
52
Q

How do antivirals work?

A
  • may inhibit the viral ion pump responsible for uncoating

- affect viral nucleic acid synthase

53
Q

Explain assembly of viruses?

A
  • nucleic acids and proteins packaged together
54
Q

Explain release of viruses?

A
  • budding (host membrane covers, to try and be undetected by immune system)
  • lysis (accumulate until the cell is lysed)
55
Q

What are the 6 stages of virus attack on a human cell?

A
  • attachment
  • entry
  • uncoating
  • protein/nucleic acid synthase
  • assembly
  • release
56
Q

Why would someone have no symptoms of a virus but may be infected?

A
  • covalescent phase of disease
  • late stage of incubation
  • asymptomatic
57
Q

How can natural resistance to antibiotics rise?

A
  • target not present
  • target not accessible
  • development of structures (spores)
  • metabolism
58
Q

Define biofilms

A
  • organisms resistant to antimicrobial agents and host defences
59
Q

How do mutations lead to resistance?

A
  • rapid bacterial growth
  • room for error
  • mutation rare strains may be more successful
60
Q

What are the 3 forms of horizontal gene transfer?

A
  • bacterial transduction
  • bacterial transformation
  • bacterial conjugation
61
Q

Describe bacterial transformation

A
  • release of DNA
62
Q

Describe bacterial transduction

A
  • use of phage
63
Q

Describe bacterial conjugation

A
  • sex pilli
64
Q

What is the chain of infection

A
  • infectious microbe
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • transmisson
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
65
Q

Why is the chain of infection important to remeber?

A
  • breaking the chain at any point interrupts transmisson
66
Q

Name the 5 ways in which infection is spread

A
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
  • inoculation
  • mother to infant
  • intercourse
67
Q

5 moments of hand hygiene?

A
  • before patient contact
  • before ascetic procedures
  • after exposure to body fluids
  • after patient contact
  • after contact with patient surroundings
68
Q

Explain b-lactamases

A
  • enzymes produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to b-lactam antibiotics

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