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My1 Principles > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining stable internal environment by coordinated physiological mechanisms

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2
Q

where are intrinsic controls released from

A

inside organ

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3
Q

where are extrinsic controls released from

A

outwith organ eg endocrine or nervous

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4
Q

what is negative feedback

A

change happens and is detected, mechanisms then activated to decrease change. closed loop

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5
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, carbs

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6
Q

what are phospholipids made of

A

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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7
Q

what is the function of cholesterol in the membrane

A

fluidity and stability

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8
Q

what is the glycocalyx layer formed of

A

short carb chains bound to membrane proteins. act as surface markers

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of membranes and what are their functions

A

integral (receptors), transmembrane (channels), peripheral (enzymes)

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10
Q

what are docking marker acceptors

A

integral proteins on inside of cell that allow secretions

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the phospholipid bilayer

A

fluidity, barrier, selectively permeable (non polar and size)

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12
Q

what are tight/ occluding junctions

A

join lateral edges of epithelial cells near apical end

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13
Q

what are desomosomes

A

adhering junctions that hold cells together

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14
Q

what are gap junctions

A

allow communication of charge between adjacent cells

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15
Q

what must the concentration gradient be for passive diffusion

A

high to low

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16
Q

what is Fick’s law

A

rate of diffusion is affected by: size of % gradient, SA of membrane, lipid solubility, molecular weight and diffusion distance

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17
Q

what is an electrical gradient

A

differing charges in adjacent membranes promotes high to low movement

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18
Q

ion channel proteins can let ions enter by what 2 ways

A

leak, or ligand gates

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19
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient

A

electrical and chemical gradient at same time

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20
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water down it’s concentration, is passive

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21
Q

what channels let water in

A

aquaporins

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22
Q

what is osmolarity

A

% of osmotically active particles in a solution

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23
Q

what is tonicity

A

effect a solution has on cell volume

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24
Q

what 2 types of carrier mediated transport are there

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

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25
Q

what happens to a carrier once it’s substrate binds

A

conformational change

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26
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

requires no energy, high –> low

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27
Q

what is active transport

A

requires energy, low –> high

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28
Q

what is primary active transport

A

energy from ATP directly needed

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29
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

needs energy indirectly, often from ion % gradient

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30
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms for secondary active transport

A

symport (co-transport): solute and ion move in same direction.
antiport: exchange where they move in opposite directions

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31
Q

in the NaKATPase pump what goes in and out

A

2K in, 3 Na out

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32
Q

what type of transport is NaKATPase pump

A

primary active transport

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33
Q

what are 2 types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis (release) and exocytosis (engulf)

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34
Q

what happens in a hypotonic solution

A

water diffuses out of cell down % gradient

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35
Q

what causes membrane potentials (Em)

A

separation of opposite (+ive/-ive) charges across a membrane

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36
Q

at resting potential, the membrane is __x more permeable to __ rather than __

A

100 to K rather than Na

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37
Q

what is the membrane potential (Em) for K+ (Ek)

A

-90mv (K out of cell than in)

38
Q

what is the membrane potential (Em) for Na++ (ENa)

A

+60mv (more Na in cell than out)

39
Q

what does the NaKATPase pump do

A

sets membrane potential for cell

40
Q

what is the Ernest equation (words)

A

used to calculate equilibrium potential of ion

41
Q

what is the Ernest equation (maths)

A

Eion = 61log ([ion]o / [ion]i)

42
Q

what is resting potential of typical nerve cell

A

-70mV

43
Q

why is resting potential closest to K+

A

cell is more permeable to K, there is a slight leak of Na though

44
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of an ion

A

the charge difference when rate of electrical gradient and conc gradient are the same

45
Q

what is used to calculate overall membrane potential

A

GHK:

Em = 61log x [(PK+[K+]o + PNa+[Na+]o) / (PK+[K+]i + PNa+[Na+]i)]

46
Q

what is BP

A

outward (hydrostatic) pressure of blood on blood vessel walls

47
Q

what is the normal systolic values

A

less than 140 mmHg

48
Q

what is the normal diastolic values

A

less than 90 mmHg

49
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

difference between DBP and SBP, normally 30-50

50
Q

what is Mean arterial BP equations

A 
MAP = [(2x DBP) + systolic]/3
MAP = DBP + [(DBP + SBP)/3]
51
Q

what is the normal MAP and what must it be for perfusion

A

70-105, 60mmHg

52
Q

what receptors detect changes in BP and where are they located

A

baroreceptors, carotid sinus and carotid arch

53
Q

where do baroreceptors send signals too

A

control signals in medulla oblagata

54
Q

what are the effectors of baroreceptor response

A

heart and blood vessels

55
Q

when BP increases what happens to the rate of firing of baroreceptors

A

increases, sensitive to stretch

56
Q

can baroreceptors detect chronic hypertension

A

no, only small changes. recognise it as ‘normal’

57
Q

what is autorhythmicity

A

ability of heart to beat without external stimuli

58
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by ventricles each beat

59
Q

what is cardiac output (CO)

A

blood out of heart in a minute. CO = HR x SV

60
Q

what effect would increasing contractility have on SV

A

increase it

61
Q

what is the equation for BP

A

BP = SV X HR x SVR

62
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

vascular smooth muscle being partially constricted at rest

63
Q

what is the normal body temp

A

37.8 degrees

64
Q

what is the basic metabolic rate (BMR)

A

minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body functions, leads to heat production

65
Q

how do you increase BMR

A

hormones eg adrenaline, muscle activity and shivering

66
Q

what is radiation and how much body heat is lost through it

A

electromagnetic waves, half

67
Q

what comes from evaporation

A

sweating

68
Q

what sensors detect the core temp and where are they

A

thermoreceptors in hypothalamus, abdomen, peripheral ones in skin

69
Q

what are the effectors

A

skeletal muscles, skin arterioles, sweat glands

70
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is activated by cold

A

posterior

71
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth

A

anterior

72
Q

to initiate a fever, what is released in response to infection and by what cells

A

endogenous pyrogens from macrophages

73
Q

what does this stimulate to be released from hypothalamus

A

prostoglandins

74
Q

what then happens in hypothalamus

A

core temp is reset to higher, making a fever

75
Q

what temp indicated fever

A

38-40

76
Q

hyperthermia temp

A

> 40

77
Q

hypothermia temp

A

35>

78
Q

what is normal blood glucose

A

5 mol (roughly)

79
Q

what hormones control glucose in absorptive and post-absorptive states and from where

A

insulin and glucagon from pancreas

80
Q

in emergencies what hormones control glucose

A

adrenaline from adrenal gland

81
Q

during starvation what hormones control glucose

A

cortisol from adrenal gland and growth hormone from pituitary

82
Q

in the pancreatic islet cells of endocrine glands. what do alpha cells release

A

glucagon

83
Q

in the pancreatic islet cells of endocrine glands. what do beta cells release

A

insulin

84
Q

in the pancreatic islet cells of endocrine glands. what do delta cells release

A

somatostatin

85
Q

how does insulin lower blood sugar levels

A

stimulates glucose uptake from blood and activating liver enzymes to convert glucose –> glycogen

86
Q

how does glucagon raise blood sugar levels

A

increases glycogenolysis, inhibiting glycogen synthesis

87
Q

describe diabetes mellitus type 1

A

little/ no insulin secretion

88
Q

describe diabetes mellitus type 2

A

defect in insulin sensitivity normally from being overweight

89
Q

what transporter can become desensitise in type 2 and what can be done to increase expression

A

GLUT4, exercise

90
Q

how does cortisol raise glucose level

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and protein catabolism

My1 Principles (12 decks)

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