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My1 Principles > Pharmacology - biochem-ish > Flashcards

Pharmacology - biochem-ish Flashcards

1
Q

what is autocrine signalling

A

when a cell releases signal molecules that illicit response in itself

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2
Q

what is paracrine signalling

A

cell releases molecules that target neighbours

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3
Q

what is endocrine signalling

A

signalling molecules enter the blood

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4
Q

what 3 receptors are targeted by hydrophilic signalling molecules

A

ligand gated ion channels, g-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked

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5
Q

what receptor is targeted by hydrophobic

A

nuclear

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6
Q

what are gated ion channels made of

A

glycoproteins

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7
Q

what signals can cause them to open and close

A

ligand, voltage, physical

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8
Q

what is signalling via 2nd messengers

A

signal binds to receptor on cell and activates effectors within the cell, don’t actually pass through

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9
Q

what are the receptors

A

G coupled protein receptors (GCPR)

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10
Q

describe GCPR (4)

A

1) peripheral membrane proteins 2) with 7 transmembrane a-helical spans. 3)Has a G nucleotide binding site for GTP or GDP4) has subunits (alpha, beta, gamma)

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11
Q

when GCPR proteins are not signalling what state are they in

A

receptor empty, G bound to GDP

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12
Q

what happens when GCPR becomes activated

A

binds to receptor and G protein couples with it. GDP dissociated from G and GTP binds with alpha subunit. G protein dissociates

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13
Q

what are the signalling molecules from GCPR

A

GTP bound alpha subunit and a By-dimer

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14
Q

what happens when GCPR becomes inactivates

A

a subunit hydrolysed GTP –> GDP and pi, a subunit rebinds with by-subunit

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15
Q

what makes up the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

CNS and peripheral nerves system (PNS)

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16
Q

where do efferent signals travel to and from

A

away from CNS

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17
Q

where to afferent signals travel to and from

A

to CNS

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18
Q

ANS mediates whole body except what

A

skeletal muscle

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19
Q

the ANS is divided into what 2 divisions

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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20
Q

what is sympathetics main functions

A

‘fight or flight’

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21
Q

what is parasympathetics main function

A

‘rest and digest’

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22
Q

where are preganglionic neurones normally located

A

inside the CNS

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23
Q

where are post ganglionic cells normally located

A

outside CNS –> effector cells

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24
Q

what are the neurotransmitters and receptors between pre and post ganglionic fibres

A

acetycholine (ACh) to nicotonic cholinoceptors

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25
Q

where do pre and post ganglionic neurones synapse in the sympathetic chain

A

para or prevertebral ganglia, noth are near spinal cord

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26
Q

where do pre and post ganglionic neurones synapse in parasympathetic chain

A

terminal ganglia distance to CNS, often on the walls of target organs

27
Q

what are the anatomical differences between pre and postganglionic fibres

A

pre are myelinated and white motor B fibres. post are not myelinated and grey motor C fibres

28
Q

what type of outflow is sympathetic (regions of spine)

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

29
Q

what type of outflow is parasympathetic (regions of spine)

A

craniosacral

30
Q

what does sympathetic stimulation do to the body

A

increases HR and force of contraction, relaxes bronchi and decreases mucous production, relaxes GI motility, releases adrenaline from adrenal glands. ejaculation

31
Q

in the sympathetic chain, what is the NT for preganglionic neurones

A

ACh

32
Q

in the sympathetic chain, what is the NT for postganglionic neurones

A

normally noradrenaline NA

33
Q

what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

C3, C7, C9, C10

34
Q

what effect does parasympathetic chain have on the body

A

decreases HR, bronchoconstriction, increases GI motility and mucous production. erections

35
Q

in the parasympathetic chain, what is the NT for pre and post ganglionic neurones

A

ACh

36
Q

describe the steps in a neurochemical transmission (7)

A

1) uptake of precursor 2) synthesis and storage of NT 3) depolarisation by AP 4) Ca enters nerve terminal 5)Ca releases NT 6) receptor us activated 7) enzymes break down NT and it is re-uptaken as a precursor

37
Q

in the parasympathetic chain, what is ACh broken down into and by what

A

choline + acetate by ACh

38
Q

how many subunits is the nicotinic ACh receptor

A

5

39
Q

what are the sympathetic co-transmitters

A

ATP and neuropeptide Y

40
Q

what are the parasympathetic co-transmitters

A

nitric oxide (NO) and VIP

41
Q

what receptors does NA act on in sympathetic

A

adrenoreceptors

42
Q

what receptors does ACh act on in parasympathetic

A

M1-M3

43
Q

what is nicotine an agonist of

A

receptors - mimics ACh

44
Q

what uptakes and what metabolised NA

A

U1/U2

MOA and COMT

45
Q

what is the M1 ACh receptor coupled too and what does it do

A

q, increased acid secretion

46
Q

what is the M2 ACh receptor coupled too and what does it do

A

i, decreased heart rate

47
Q

what is the M3 ACh receptor coupled too and what does it do

A

q, contraction of airways and relaxation of vasculature

48
Q

what is the B1 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

A

s, increased heart rate

49
Q

what is the B2 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

A

s, relaxation of airways and vasculature

50
Q

what is the a1 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

A

q, contraction of vasculature

51
Q

what is the a2 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

A

i, decreases NA release

52
Q

what does cocaine block and what does this result in

A

U1, leftover NA, this increases adrenoreceptor activity, increases HR

53
Q

what does amphetamine do

A

substrate for U1, blocks MOA, NA isn’t broken down, increases HR

54
Q

in what direction does sodium flow into a cell

A

Na - leaks in

55
Q

in what direction does K flow

A

outwards

56
Q

what is an AP

A

briefly depolarisation, moves along nerve axons with constant magnitude

57
Q

what is the normal resting potential of a cell

A

-70mv

58
Q

when Na channels are activated it is a knock on effect and others are activated, what is this called

A

positive feedback

59
Q

when K channels are activated it reduces the stimuli, what is this a example of

A

negative feedback

60
Q

what happens in the refractory period

A

Na channels are inactivates and no stimuli can cause a 2nd AP

61
Q

what factor of nerve cells mean passive signals do not pass far from site of origin

A

they are leaky

62
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

wrap around axon to provide insulation, providing a myelin sheath

63
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

AP’s jumping between gaps in myelinated schwann cells

My1 Principles (12 decks)

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