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My1 Principles > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is opposition of digits

A

moving thum to fingers

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2
Q

what is pronation of hand

A

anterior (palm) –> posterior

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3
Q

what is abduction of thumb

A

moving it away from hand

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4
Q

where do nutrients from GI tract first drain to

A

liver

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5
Q

what are the main glands in endocrine system

A

thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary (brain), ovary, pancreas, testes

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

area between the lungs

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7
Q

what are the areas of the mediastinum

A

superior, inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)

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8
Q

where does the heart lie

A

middle mediastinum

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9
Q

what is the pericardium

A

sac surrounding the heart

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10
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous (outer), and serous (inner)

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11
Q

what can serous pericardium be divided into

A

visceral (covering heart) and parietal (lining fibrous)

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12
Q

what is the outer cortex of a bone

A

dense, strong and compact

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13
Q

what is the inner medulla

A

inside bit, porous, weaker and spongy (can cpntain bone marrow)

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14
Q

what type of cartilage lines the compact bone

A

hyaline

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15
Q

what is the periosteum

A

fibrous connective ‘sleeve; that is well vascularised and innervated

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16
Q

describe a bone from middle to top

A

diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, epiphysis

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17
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

initial small hyaline cartilage grows to long bone

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18
Q

what are the 5 types of bones and examples

A

flat bones eg sternum, long eg femur, irregular eg vertebra, sasamoid (within some tendons) eg patella, short eg carpals

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19
Q

what 2 bones are common fractures

A

neck of femur and clavicle

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20
Q

how to fractures heal

A

callus forms around fracture lines and remodels

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21
Q

what are bony features

A

additional features when bone grows

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22
Q

what are the 3 fossae of the skull

A

anterior, middle, posteria

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23
Q

how many vertebrae do adults have

A

33

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24
Q

how many in each section

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx

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25
Q

what is primary and secondary curvature

A

primary spine curves out, secondary in

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26
Q

what parts of the spine are primary

A

thoracic and sacral/ coccyx

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27
Q

what are invertebral foraminae

A

space between adjacent vertebrae where nerves emerge

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28
Q

what is a faucet joint

A

between articular process of 2 vertebrae

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29
Q

what is C1 called and why is it special

A

atlas, does not have body or spinous process

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30
Q

what is C2 called and what does it have

A

axis, odontoid process

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31
Q

what is C7

A

vertebrae prominens, first palpable spinous process

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32
Q

how is skeletal muscle packages

A

muscle –> muscle fibres –> myofibril –> sacromere –> myofilaments

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33
Q

where are skeletal muscles striated

A

overlapping actin and myosin

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34
Q

what are the 5 types of muscles and examples

A

circular eg orbicular oculi (eyes), pennate eg deltoid, fusiform eg biceps brachii, flat with aponeurosis eg external oblique and quadrate eg rectus abdominis

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35
Q

what do tendons do

A

attach muscle to bone

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36
Q

what is aponeurosis

A

flattened tendon, attach muscle to tissue not bone

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37
Q

what are origins of muscle

A

where the attach to one one side of a joint

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38
Q

what is the insertions

A

place they attach on other side

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39
Q

what are protective reflexes

A

rapid and involuntary to danger

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40
Q

what are automatic reflexes

A

done without thinking by nervous system and muscle

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41
Q

what is flexion withdrawal reflex

A

brain not involves, touch something damaging and recoil (ie hot pan)

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42
Q

what is the route taken by AP’s in a reflex

A

reflex arch, sensory –> spinal cord –> motor

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43
Q

what is muscle paralysis

A

dysfunctional motor nerve supply, muscle cannot contract

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44
Q

what is muscle spasticity

A

descending controls from brain not working, increased tone

45
Q

where is skeletal muscle often found

A

next to deep fassia

46
Q

what is compartment syndrome

A

fassia created enclosed space and increased pressure affects functions of muscles or nerves.

47
Q

what relieves compartment syndrome

A

fasciotomy

48
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

49
Q

describe fibrous joints and examples

A

limited motility and stable, syndesmoses: unite bones with fibrous membrane. sutures: between bones of skull

50
Q

what are fontanelles

A

wide sutures in neonatal skill so baby can pass through birth canal

51
Q

what are the type of cartilaginous joints

A

fairly limited mobility and relatively stable, primary eg femur and secondary eg vertebral discs

52
Q

what are the components of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

outer annulus fibrosus and inner soft nucleus pulposus

53
Q

what are some features of synovial joints

A

2 or more bones, hylane cartilage, capsule around joint, cavity, supported by ligaments, associated with bursae

54
Q

what are the 5 types of synovial joint

A

pivot, plane, hinge, biaxial and ball & socket

55
Q

what is subluxation and dislocation

A 
sub = some lost contact.
dis = complete lost contact
56
Q

what happens when you dislocate the temporomandibular joint

A

patients mouth cannot close

57
Q

in fertilisation where does the ovum move to

A

ampulla of uterus

58
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

59
Q

what is the female reproductive organ and accessories

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

60
Q

describe the journey of an ovum

A

develops in uterus, released to peritoneal cavity where gathered to uterine tube, moved along by cilia, expelled by contractions in uterus

61
Q

where does fertilisation and implantation take place

A

fertilisation ampulla, implantation body of uterus

62
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

fertilisation outwith uterine cavity

63
Q

in female steralisation what do you do

A

tie tubes, tube ligation

64
Q

how do testes develop

A

posterior wall of abdominal cavity and descend to scrotum, come through inguinal canal, vas deferens follows through

65
Q

describe the route of sperm

A

produced in seminiferous tubules, passed to rete testis, to head of epididymis which develops to vas deferens

66
Q

what makes up the spermatic cord

A

vas deferens, testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins

67
Q

how many cylinders become engorged during erections

A

3

68
Q

what is the male reproductive organs and what are the assessories

A

testes, vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate glands and penis

69
Q

what is a vasectomy

A

male sterilisation, close vas deferens

70
Q

describe a nerve cell

A

dendrites, body (with nucleus), myelin sheath covering axon

71
Q

what are the 2 nervous systems

A

central and peripheral

72
Q

what are afferent neruones

A

sensory, part of peripheral bring things towards CNS (arrive)

73
Q

what are efferent neurones

A

motor, part of peripheral, move away from CNS, (exit)

74
Q

what are interneurones

A

central nervous, relay and create circuits

75
Q

what are synapses

A

AP becomes neurotransmitter then AP again

76
Q

describe the somatic nervous system

A

body walls, organ walls, sharp localised pain, skeletal muscle

77
Q

describe the autonomic nervous system

A

visceral, smooth muscles

78
Q

what are the 4 brain lobes

A

occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal

79
Q

where does the frontal lobe sit

A

anterior cranial fossa

80
Q

where does the temporal lobe sit

A

middle cranial fossa

81
Q

where does the cerebellum and occipital lobe sit

A

posterior cranial fossa

82
Q

when does the brainstem become the spinal cord

A

once it leaves the foramen magnum

83
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

conus medullaris L1/ L2

84
Q

what is grey matter of the brain

A

outer area, full of cells

85
Q

what is the white matter of the brain

A

inner area, contains many axon, myelin makes it whiter

86
Q

list the 12 cranial nerves in order

A

CNI = olfactory, CNII = optic, CNIII = oculomotor, VNIV = trochlear, CNV = trigeminal, CNVI = abducent, CNVII = facial, CNVIII = vestibuclochlear, CN VIX = glossopharyngeal, CN X = vagus, CN XI = asseccory, CN XII = hypoglossal

87
Q

what is the function of each nerve (sensory, motor, both)

A

CN I = sensory, CN II = sensory, CN III = motor, CN IV = motor, CN V = both, CN VI = motor, CN VII = bother, CN VIII = sensory, CN IX = both CN X = both, CN XI = motor, CN XII = more

88
Q

what is the pneumonic for the cranial nerves

A

oh, oh, oh, to, touch, and, feel, virgin, girls, vagina, ah, heaven

89
Q

what is the pneumonic for the type of nerves

A

some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more

90
Q

which cranial nerves come from the midbrain

A

CIII and CIV

91
Q

which cranial nerves come from the pons

A

CV

92
Q

which cranial nerves come from the medulla oblongata

A

CIX, X and XII

93
Q

which cranial nerves come from the spinal cord

A

XI

94
Q

in order from anterior to posterior what are the foraminae of the skull

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid, optical canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal

95
Q

where are spinal nerves only located

A

intervertebral foramina

96
Q

how many spinal nerves do we have

A

31

97
Q

where do sympathetic nerves originate and where do they exit

A

autonomic, T1-L2, thoracolumbar

98
Q

what nerves do sympathetic pass into

A

splanchnic

99
Q

where are the ganglion for sympathetic outflow

A

paravertebral

100
Q

how do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS

A

cranial nerves III, VIII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves, craniosacral

101
Q

what does vagus nerve supply

A

organs of neck, chest, cut and abdomen

102
Q

what are somatic sensation receptors

A

touch: mechanoreceptors, temperature: thermoreceptors, pain: nociceptors

103
Q

describe the pathway of somatic sensory neurones

A

sensory receptor, synapse, travel to thalamus and then cerebral cortex

104
Q

where are somatic sensations normally dealt with in brain

A

left parietal lobe

105
Q

what are spinal reflexes

A

extremely rapid and miss out pathway to brain, protective reflex

106
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary, sense neurones and motor

107
Q

what is autonomic pain like

A

dull, achy and localised

108
Q

what are sympathetic neurones like in terms of length

A 
preganglionic = short
postganglionic = long
109
Q

what are sympathetic neurones like in terms of length

A 
preganglionic = long
post = v short (on organ)

My1 Principles (12 decks)

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