anatomy Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
what is opposition of digits
A
moving thum to fingers
2
Q
what is pronation of hand
A
anterior (palm) –> posterior
3
Q
what is abduction of thumb
A
moving it away from hand
4
Q
where do nutrients from GI tract first drain to
A
liver
5
Q
what are the main glands in endocrine system
A
thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary (brain), ovary, pancreas, testes
6
Q
what is the mediastinum
A
area between the lungs
7
Q
what are the areas of the mediastinum
A
superior, inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)
8
Q
where does the heart lie
A
middle mediastinum
9
Q
what is the pericardium
A
sac surrounding the heart
10
Q
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
A
fibrous (outer), and serous (inner)
11
Q
what can serous pericardium be divided into
A
visceral (covering heart) and parietal (lining fibrous)
12
Q
what is the outer cortex of a bone
A
dense, strong and compact
13
Q
what is the inner medulla
A
inside bit, porous, weaker and spongy (can cpntain bone marrow)
14
Q
what type of cartilage lines the compact bone
A
hyaline
15
Q
what is the periosteum
A
fibrous connective ‘sleeve; that is well vascularised and innervated
16
Q
describe a bone from middle to top
A
diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, epiphysis
17
Q
what is endochondral ossification
A
initial small hyaline cartilage grows to long bone
18
Q
what are the 5 types of bones and examples
A
flat bones eg sternum, long eg femur, irregular eg vertebra, sasamoid (within some tendons) eg patella, short eg carpals
19
Q
what 2 bones are common fractures
A
neck of femur and clavicle
20
Q
how to fractures heal
A
callus forms around fracture lines and remodels
21
Q
what are bony features
A
additional features when bone grows
22
Q
what are the 3 fossae of the skull
A
anterior, middle, posteria
23
Q
how many vertebrae do adults have
A
33
24
Q
how many in each section
A
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx
25
what is primary and secondary curvature
primary spine curves out, secondary in
26
what parts of the spine are primary
thoracic and sacral/ coccyx
27
what are invertebral foraminae
space between adjacent vertebrae where nerves emerge
28
what is a faucet joint
between articular process of 2 vertebrae
29
what is C1 called and why is it special
atlas, does not have body or spinous process
30
what is C2 called and what does it have
axis, odontoid process
31
what is C7
vertebrae prominens, first palpable spinous process
32
how is skeletal muscle packages
muscle --> muscle fibres --> myofibril --> sacromere --> myofilaments
33
where are skeletal muscles striated
overlapping actin and myosin
34
what are the 5 types of muscles and examples
circular eg orbicular oculi (eyes), pennate eg deltoid, fusiform eg biceps brachii, flat with aponeurosis eg external oblique and quadrate eg rectus abdominis
35
what do tendons do
attach muscle to bone
36
what is aponeurosis
flattened tendon, attach muscle to tissue not bone
37
what are origins of muscle
where the attach to one one side of a joint
38
what is the insertions
place they attach on other side
39
what are protective reflexes
rapid and involuntary to danger
40
what are automatic reflexes
done without thinking by nervous system and muscle
41
what is flexion withdrawal reflex
brain not involves, touch something damaging and recoil (ie hot pan)
42
what is the route taken by AP's in a reflex
reflex arch, sensory --> spinal cord --> motor
43
what is muscle paralysis
dysfunctional motor nerve supply, muscle cannot contract
44
what is muscle spasticity
descending controls from brain not working, increased tone
45
where is skeletal muscle often found
next to deep fassia
46
what is compartment syndrome
fassia created enclosed space and increased pressure affects functions of muscles or nerves.
47
what relieves compartment syndrome
fasciotomy
48
what are the 3 types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
49
describe fibrous joints and examples
limited motility and stable, syndesmoses: unite bones with fibrous membrane. sutures: between bones of skull
50
what are fontanelles
wide sutures in neonatal skill so baby can pass through birth canal
51
what are the type of cartilaginous joints
fairly limited mobility and relatively stable, primary eg femur and secondary eg vertebral discs
52
what are the components of secondary cartilaginous joints
outer annulus fibrosus and inner soft nucleus pulposus
53
what are some features of synovial joints
2 or more bones, hylane cartilage, capsule around joint, cavity, supported by ligaments, associated with bursae
54
what are the 5 types of synovial joint
pivot, plane, hinge, biaxial and ball & socket
55
what is subluxation and dislocation
```
sub = some lost contact.
dis = complete lost contact
```
56
what happens when you dislocate the temporomandibular joint
patients mouth cannot close
57
in fertilisation where does the ovum move to
ampulla of uterus
58
what are the 3 layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
59
what is the female reproductive organ and accessories
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
60
describe the journey of an ovum
develops in uterus, released to peritoneal cavity where gathered to uterine tube, moved along by cilia, expelled by contractions in uterus
61
where does fertilisation and implantation take place
fertilisation ampulla, implantation body of uterus
62
what is an ectopic pregnancy
fertilisation outwith uterine cavity
63
in female steralisation what do you do
tie tubes, tube ligation
64
how do testes develop
posterior wall of abdominal cavity and descend to scrotum, come through inguinal canal, vas deferens follows through
65
describe the route of sperm
produced in seminiferous tubules, passed to rete testis, to head of epididymis which develops to vas deferens
66
what makes up the spermatic cord
vas deferens, testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins
67
how many cylinders become engorged during erections
3
68
what is the male reproductive organs and what are the assessories
testes, vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate glands and penis
69
what is a vasectomy
male sterilisation, close vas deferens
70
describe a nerve cell
dendrites, body (with nucleus), myelin sheath covering axon
71
what are the 2 nervous systems
central and peripheral
72
what are afferent neruones
sensory, part of peripheral bring things towards CNS (arrive)
73
what are efferent neurones
motor, part of peripheral, move away from CNS, (exit)
74
what are interneurones
central nervous, relay and create circuits
75
what are synapses
AP becomes neurotransmitter then AP again
76
describe the somatic nervous system
body walls, organ walls, sharp localised pain, skeletal muscle
77
describe the autonomic nervous system
visceral, smooth muscles
78
what are the 4 brain lobes
occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal
79
where does the frontal lobe sit
anterior cranial fossa
80
where does the temporal lobe sit
middle cranial fossa
81
where does the cerebellum and occipital lobe sit
posterior cranial fossa
82
when does the brainstem become the spinal cord
once it leaves the foramen magnum
83
where does the spinal cord end
conus medullaris L1/ L2
84
what is grey matter of the brain
outer area, full of cells
85
what is the white matter of the brain
inner area, contains many axon, myelin makes it whiter
86
list the 12 cranial nerves in order
CNI = olfactory, CNII = optic, CNIII = oculomotor, VNIV = trochlear, CNV = trigeminal, CNVI = abducent, CNVII = facial, CNVIII = vestibuclochlear, CN VIX = glossopharyngeal, CN X = vagus, CN XI = asseccory, CN XII = hypoglossal
87
what is the function of each nerve (sensory, motor, both)
CN I = sensory, CN II = sensory, CN III = motor, CN IV = motor, CN V = both, CN VI = motor, CN VII = bother, CN VIII = sensory, CN IX = both CN X = both, CN XI = motor, CN XII = more
88
what is the pneumonic for the cranial nerves
oh, oh, oh, to, touch, and, feel, virgin, girls, vagina, ah, heaven
89
what is the pneumonic for the type of nerves
some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more
90
which cranial nerves come from the midbrain
CIII and CIV
91
which cranial nerves come from the pons
CV
92
which cranial nerves come from the medulla oblongata
CIX, X and XII
93
which cranial nerves come from the spinal cord
XI
94
in order from anterior to posterior what are the foraminae of the skull
cribriform plate of the ethmoid, optical canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal
95
where are spinal nerves only located
intervertebral foramina
96
how many spinal nerves do we have
31
97
where do sympathetic nerves originate and where do they exit
autonomic, T1-L2, thoracolumbar
98
what nerves do sympathetic pass into
splanchnic
99
where are the ganglion for sympathetic outflow
paravertebral
100
how do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS
cranial nerves III, VIII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves, craniosacral
101
what does vagus nerve supply
organs of neck, chest, cut and abdomen
102
what are somatic sensation receptors
touch: mechanoreceptors, temperature: thermoreceptors, pain: nociceptors
103
describe the pathway of somatic sensory neurones
sensory receptor, synapse, travel to thalamus and then cerebral cortex
104
where are somatic sensations normally dealt with in brain
left parietal lobe
105
what are spinal reflexes
extremely rapid and miss out pathway to brain, protective reflex
106
what is the autonomic nervous system
involuntary, sense neurones and motor
107
what is autonomic pain like
dull, achy and localised
108
what are sympathetic neurones like in terms of length
```
preganglionic = short
postganglionic = long
```
109
what are sympathetic neurones like in terms of length
```
preganglionic = long
post = v short (on organ)
```
