anatomy Flashcards
what is opposition of digits
moving thum to fingers
what is pronation of hand
anterior (palm) –> posterior
what is abduction of thumb
moving it away from hand
where do nutrients from GI tract first drain to
liver
what are the main glands in endocrine system
thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary (brain), ovary, pancreas, testes
what is the mediastinum
area between the lungs
what are the areas of the mediastinum
superior, inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)
where does the heart lie
middle mediastinum
what is the pericardium
sac surrounding the heart
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
fibrous (outer), and serous (inner)
what can serous pericardium be divided into
visceral (covering heart) and parietal (lining fibrous)
what is the outer cortex of a bone
dense, strong and compact
what is the inner medulla
inside bit, porous, weaker and spongy (can cpntain bone marrow)
what type of cartilage lines the compact bone
hyaline
what is the periosteum
fibrous connective ‘sleeve; that is well vascularised and innervated
describe a bone from middle to top
diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, epiphysis
what is endochondral ossification
initial small hyaline cartilage grows to long bone
what are the 5 types of bones and examples
flat bones eg sternum, long eg femur, irregular eg vertebra, sasamoid (within some tendons) eg patella, short eg carpals
what 2 bones are common fractures
neck of femur and clavicle
how to fractures heal
callus forms around fracture lines and remodels
what are bony features
additional features when bone grows
what are the 3 fossae of the skull
anterior, middle, posteria
how many vertebrae do adults have
33
how many in each section
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx
what is primary and secondary curvature
primary spine curves out, secondary in
what parts of the spine are primary
thoracic and sacral/ coccyx
what are invertebral foraminae
space between adjacent vertebrae where nerves emerge
what is a faucet joint
between articular process of 2 vertebrae
what is C1 called and why is it special
atlas, does not have body or spinous process
what is C2 called and what does it have
axis, odontoid process
what is C7
vertebrae prominens, first palpable spinous process
how is skeletal muscle packages
muscle –> muscle fibres –> myofibril –> sacromere –> myofilaments
where are skeletal muscles striated
overlapping actin and myosin
what are the 5 types of muscles and examples
circular eg orbicular oculi (eyes), pennate eg deltoid, fusiform eg biceps brachii, flat with aponeurosis eg external oblique and quadrate eg rectus abdominis
what do tendons do
attach muscle to bone
what is aponeurosis
flattened tendon, attach muscle to tissue not bone
what are origins of muscle
where the attach to one one side of a joint
what is the insertions
place they attach on other side
what are protective reflexes
rapid and involuntary to danger
what are automatic reflexes
done without thinking by nervous system and muscle
what is flexion withdrawal reflex
brain not involves, touch something damaging and recoil (ie hot pan)
what is the route taken by AP’s in a reflex
reflex arch, sensory –> spinal cord –> motor
what is muscle paralysis
dysfunctional motor nerve supply, muscle cannot contract
what is muscle spasticity
descending controls from brain not working, increased tone
where is skeletal muscle often found
next to deep fassia
what is compartment syndrome
fassia created enclosed space and increased pressure affects functions of muscles or nerves.
what relieves compartment syndrome
fasciotomy
what are the 3 types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
describe fibrous joints and examples
limited motility and stable, syndesmoses: unite bones with fibrous membrane. sutures: between bones of skull
what are fontanelles
wide sutures in neonatal skill so baby can pass through birth canal
what are the type of cartilaginous joints
fairly limited mobility and relatively stable, primary eg femur and secondary eg vertebral discs
what are the components of secondary cartilaginous joints
outer annulus fibrosus and inner soft nucleus pulposus
what are some features of synovial joints
2 or more bones, hylane cartilage, capsule around joint, cavity, supported by ligaments, associated with bursae
what are the 5 types of synovial joint
pivot, plane, hinge, biaxial and ball & socket
what is subluxation and dislocation
sub = some lost contact. dis = complete lost contact
what happens when you dislocate the temporomandibular joint
patients mouth cannot close
in fertilisation where does the ovum move to
ampulla of uterus
what are the 3 layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
what is the female reproductive organ and accessories
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
describe the journey of an ovum
develops in uterus, released to peritoneal cavity where gathered to uterine tube, moved along by cilia, expelled by contractions in uterus
where does fertilisation and implantation take place
fertilisation ampulla, implantation body of uterus
what is an ectopic pregnancy
fertilisation outwith uterine cavity
in female steralisation what do you do
tie tubes, tube ligation
how do testes develop
posterior wall of abdominal cavity and descend to scrotum, come through inguinal canal, vas deferens follows through
describe the route of sperm
produced in seminiferous tubules, passed to rete testis, to head of epididymis which develops to vas deferens
what makes up the spermatic cord
vas deferens, testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins
how many cylinders become engorged during erections
3
what is the male reproductive organs and what are the assessories
testes, vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate glands and penis
what is a vasectomy
male sterilisation, close vas deferens
describe a nerve cell
dendrites, body (with nucleus), myelin sheath covering axon
what are the 2 nervous systems
central and peripheral
what are afferent neruones
sensory, part of peripheral bring things towards CNS (arrive)
what are efferent neurones
motor, part of peripheral, move away from CNS, (exit)
what are interneurones
central nervous, relay and create circuits
what are synapses
AP becomes neurotransmitter then AP again
describe the somatic nervous system
body walls, organ walls, sharp localised pain, skeletal muscle
describe the autonomic nervous system
visceral, smooth muscles
what are the 4 brain lobes
occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal
where does the frontal lobe sit
anterior cranial fossa
where does the temporal lobe sit
middle cranial fossa
where does the cerebellum and occipital lobe sit
posterior cranial fossa
when does the brainstem become the spinal cord
once it leaves the foramen magnum
where does the spinal cord end
conus medullaris L1/ L2
what is grey matter of the brain
outer area, full of cells
what is the white matter of the brain
inner area, contains many axon, myelin makes it whiter
list the 12 cranial nerves in order
CNI = olfactory, CNII = optic, CNIII = oculomotor, VNIV = trochlear, CNV = trigeminal, CNVI = abducent, CNVII = facial, CNVIII = vestibuclochlear, CN VIX = glossopharyngeal, CN X = vagus, CN XI = asseccory, CN XII = hypoglossal
what is the function of each nerve (sensory, motor, both)
CN I = sensory, CN II = sensory, CN III = motor, CN IV = motor, CN V = both, CN VI = motor, CN VII = bother, CN VIII = sensory, CN IX = both CN X = both, CN XI = motor, CN XII = more
what is the pneumonic for the cranial nerves
oh, oh, oh, to, touch, and, feel, virgin, girls, vagina, ah, heaven
what is the pneumonic for the type of nerves
some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more
which cranial nerves come from the midbrain
CIII and CIV
which cranial nerves come from the pons
CV
which cranial nerves come from the medulla oblongata
CIX, X and XII
which cranial nerves come from the spinal cord
XI
in order from anterior to posterior what are the foraminae of the skull
cribriform plate of the ethmoid, optical canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal
where are spinal nerves only located
intervertebral foramina
how many spinal nerves do we have
31
where do sympathetic nerves originate and where do they exit
autonomic, T1-L2, thoracolumbar
what nerves do sympathetic pass into
splanchnic
where are the ganglion for sympathetic outflow
paravertebral
how do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS
cranial nerves III, VIII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves, craniosacral
what does vagus nerve supply
organs of neck, chest, cut and abdomen
what are somatic sensation receptors
touch: mechanoreceptors, temperature: thermoreceptors, pain: nociceptors
describe the pathway of somatic sensory neurones
sensory receptor, synapse, travel to thalamus and then cerebral cortex
where are somatic sensations normally dealt with in brain
left parietal lobe
what are spinal reflexes
extremely rapid and miss out pathway to brain, protective reflex
what is the autonomic nervous system
involuntary, sense neurones and motor
what is autonomic pain like
dull, achy and localised
what are sympathetic neurones like in terms of length
preganglionic = short postganglionic = long
what are sympathetic neurones like in terms of length
preganglionic = long post = v short (on organ)
