biochem glycolysis Flashcards
how does glucose enter the cell
by GLUT transporters
during glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP
2
what is stage 1 of glycolysis
glucose (C6) is phosphorylated by hexokinase which forms an intermediate
what happens in stage 2 of glycolysis
phosphofructokinase phosphorylates intermediate to 2 (C3) molecules
what happens in stage 3 of glycolysis
pyruvate kinase makes 2 pyruvate
high a high ATP:AMP ratio means what
lots of ATP (energy) so glucose not broken down
why does NAD need to be regenerates
for future glycolysis
during glycolysis stage 3 what is reduced
NAD to NADH2
what is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions
citric acid cycle (TCA)
what is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions
lactic acid
where does the TCA cycle take place
mitochondrial membrane
what are cristae
folds in mitochondria to increase SA
once pyruvate enters the cell what is it converted to and what catalyses it
acetyl-CoA (PDC)
what does acetyl-CoA then do
condenses a (4C) unit (oxaloacetate) –> (6C) unit (citrate)
what happens next
the (6C) is undergoes decarboxylation reactions to become a (4C)
what happens next
oxidation reactions
what are the products of the TCA cycle
3 NADH2
2 CO2
1 GTP
1 FADH2
when acetyl CoA is used what is left
CoA
what is the only enzyme for the TCA cycle not in the mitochondrial matrix
succinate dehydrogenase
in the anaerobic pathway what happens to pyruvate
2 pyruvate –> 2 lactate, NADH –> NAD (2 ATP also produced)
from each glucose molecule how many NADH + H and FADH2 is produced
10 NADH + 10 H + 2 FADH2
how many electrons does each NADH + H and FADH2 carry
2
how many electrons are produced from a single glucose
28
what are electrons used for
used to reduce O2 –> H2O, ETC coupled to proton pump, used to pump protons out of cell to phosphorylate ADP –> ATP
what does pumping protons across the membrane do to the electrochemical gradient
follow chemical gradient (more H+ outside) and electrical
how does NADH enter the mitochondrial matrix for the ETC
G3P and malate-acetate shuttle transport it
how much ATP does 1 glucose molecule generate
30-32
what is the standard redox potential
how easily a substance donates an electron (-ive = donates easily)
what do cyanide, azide and CO inhibit
O2 – H2O so no proton gradient
