biochem glycolysis

Question 1

how does glucose enter the cell

Answer 1

by GLUT transporters

Question 2

during glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP

Answer 2

2

Question 3

what is stage 1 of glycolysis

Answer 3

glucose (C6) is phosphorylated by hexokinase which forms an intermediate

Question 4

what happens in stage 2 of glycolysis

Answer 4

phosphofructokinase phosphorylates intermediate to 2 (C3) molecules

Question 5

what happens in stage 3 of glycolysis

Answer 5

pyruvate kinase makes 2 pyruvate

Question 6

high a high ATP:AMP ratio means what

Answer 6

lots of ATP (energy) so glucose not broken down

Question 7

why does NAD need to be regenerates

Answer 7

for future glycolysis

Question 8

during glycolysis stage 3 what is reduced

Answer 8

NAD to NADH2

Question 9

what is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions

Answer 9

citric acid cycle (TCA)

Question 10

what is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

Answer 10

lactic acid

Question 11

where does the TCA cycle take place

Answer 11

mitochondrial membrane

Question 12

what are cristae

Answer 12

folds in mitochondria to increase SA

Question 13

once pyruvate enters the cell what is it converted to and what catalyses it

Answer 13

acetyl-CoA (PDC)

Question 14

what does acetyl-CoA then do

Answer 14

condenses a (4C) unit (oxaloacetate) –> (6C) unit (citrate)

Question 15

what happens next

Answer 15

the (6C) is undergoes decarboxylation reactions to become a (4C)

Question 16

what happens next

Answer 16

oxidation reactions

Question 17

what are the products of the TCA cycle

Answer 17

3 NADH2
2 CO2
1 GTP
1 FADH2

Question 18

when acetyl CoA is used what is left

Answer 18

CoA

Question 19

what is the only enzyme for the TCA cycle not in the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 19

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 20

in the anaerobic pathway what happens to pyruvate

Answer 20

2 pyruvate –> 2 lactate, NADH –> NAD (2 ATP also produced)

Question 21

from each glucose molecule how many NADH + H and FADH2 is produced

Answer 21

10 NADH + 10 H + 2 FADH2

Question 22

how many electrons does each NADH + H and FADH2 carry

Answer 22

2

Question 23

how many electrons are produced from a single glucose

Answer 23

28

Question 24

what are electrons used for

Answer 24

used to reduce O2 –> H2O, ETC coupled to proton pump, used to pump protons out of cell to phosphorylate ADP –> ATP

Question 25

what does pumping protons across the membrane do to the electrochemical gradient

Answer 25

follow chemical gradient (more H+ outside) and electrical

Question 26

how does NADH enter the mitochondrial matrix for the ETC

Answer 26

G3P and malate-acetate shuttle transport it

Question 27

how much ATP does 1 glucose molecule generate

Answer 27

30-32

Question 28

what is the standard redox potential

Answer 28

how easily a substance donates an electron (-ive = donates easily)

Question 29

what do cyanide, azide and CO inhibit

Answer 29

O2 – H2O so no proton gradient