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My1 Principles > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

how does the skin contribute to preventing infection

A

composed of tight keratinised cells that are, has a low pH and O2 tension, secretes hydrophobic oils, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides

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2
Q

how does mucous prevent against infection

A

lines body cavities in line with outside world (GI tract), traps bacteria, secretes antibodies

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3
Q

how do commensal bacteria prevent against infection

A

symbiotic with host, compete with fatty acids, produce toxins to other bacteria

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4
Q

describe the nature of the innate immune system

A

fast, non adaptive present since birth

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5
Q

what are the cells involved in the innate immune system

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, mast cells (neutrophils basophils, eosinophils)

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6
Q

what is the inflammatory response

A

increases body temp and attracts macrophages

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7
Q

describe the nature of adaptive immunity

A

slow, specific, from memory

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8
Q

describe macrophages

A

pink cytoplasm and kidney bean nucleus, develop from circulating monocytes, they phagocyte cells, reside in tissues, monocytes are precursors

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9
Q

describe dendritic cells

A

present in large numbers in tissues, are professional antigen presenting cells to T cells, phagocytes

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10
Q

describe natural killer cells

A

release cytotoxic molecules that kill infected cells by apoptosis, respond to MCH I

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11
Q

describe mast cells

A

reside in tissues, single nucleus, fight antibody-coated parasites, illicit inflammatory response by degranulation (histamine, TNF, IL)

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12
Q

how do innate immune cells recognise pathogens

A

pathogens express PAMPs and immune cells have receptors for his PRRs

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13
Q

what is the main function of phagocytosis, what are the main cells

A

to ingest and kill cells/ bacteria/ fungi. macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells

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14
Q

describe how phagocytosis works (up until debris release)

A

PRR recognises PAMPs, creates phagosome around target. fuses with lyososme (contains ROS) and kills pathogen, debris is released to EXC space

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15
Q

how do phagocytes ‘remember’ antigens

A

peptides from antigen are expressed on cell surface receptors MCH II

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16
Q

what else is released after phagocytosis

A

pro-inflammatory mediators TNFa

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17
Q

describe opsonisation

A

coating of pathogens in opsonins to aid phagocytosis

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18
Q

name some major opsonins

A

C3b, Fc of IgG, CRP

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19
Q

what happens to virally infected cells

A

release interferons (INFa/b), NKC’s can recognise

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20
Q

what happens when large parasites are present

A

too large to be phagocytosed, results in degranulation - pro inflammatory substances eg IFNy

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21
Q

what are the 5 types of leukocytes (WBC’s)

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

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22
Q

what are neutrophils for

A

initiation and upkeep of inflammation

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23
Q

what are the steps of transendothelial migration

A

margination of neutrophils to endothelium, bind to adhesion molecules and pass across endothelial by diapedesis. attracted to site of injury by chemotaxis, activated by PAMPs and TNFa

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24
Q

neutrophils kill pathogens in what 3 ways and what do they release

A

phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs - TNF when activated

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25
Q

how do neutrophils kill by phagocytosis

A

pathogens release chemokines, phagolysosomal or ROS-dependent killing which requires NADPJ

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26
Q

how do neutrophils kill by degranulation

A

release of anti-bacterial protein

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27
Q

how do neutrophils kill by NETs

A

activated neutrophils release intracellular structures that immobilise pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis

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28
Q

what is the acute phase response of innate immunity

A

liver releases proteins in response to pro-inflammatory mediators eg . (interleukines and TNF)

29
Q

what proteins does the liver release

A

CRP, compliment proteins: C4, C3, C2

30
Q

what is the complement system

A

creates a cascade reaction in response to inflammation and infected cells

31
Q

what are the 3 complement pathways

A

classic, alternate, lectin

32
Q

what is the classic complement pathway

A

antibodies cause conformational change in C1 which activates C3 –> C3a + C3b

33
Q

what is the alternative pathway

A

C3b is unstable and so rapidly degreades back to C3 unless it binds, cells express inhibitory proteins to prevent C3b activated downstream events

34
Q

what are the 3 components of the downstream compliment system

A

MAC, opsonisation, inflammation

35
Q

what proteins make the MAC complex

A

C5-C9

36
Q

what sequence of events activates MAC

A

C3b activates C5 –> C5a and C5b. C5b activates MAC

37
Q

what is the function of C3a and C5a

A

attract macrophages for phagocytosis and are inflammatory mediators

38
Q

what do cytokines

A

produced in response to inflammation/ infection and regulate cell behaviour for immune system

39
Q

name some pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

TNF, interleukins

40
Q

what do interferons do

A

viral infections

41
Q

what do chemokines do

A

control cell migration

42
Q

which cells are involved in acquired immunity

A

B cells and T cells

43
Q

which is humoral

A

B cells

44
Q

where are B cells developed

A

bone marrow

45
Q

where are T cells produced

A

thymus

46
Q

where is primary lymphoid tissue

A

bone marrow and thymus

47
Q

where is secondary lymphoid tissue

A

spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes

48
Q

what are antigens

A

specific structures on pathogens which allows them to be identifies

49
Q

what do B cells produce and what are they

A

antibodies specific to antigens, are Y shaped glycoproteins and act as opsins

50
Q

what are the immunoglobins produces in the blood from most to least abundant

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

51
Q

where do T and B cells become activated

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

52
Q

how do T and B cells enter the lymph node

A

transendothelial migration from high endothelial venules (HEV)

53
Q

Once B cells are activated what happens

A

they clonally proliferate and differentiate to different cells: effector plasma cells (produce antibodies) or memory cells

54
Q

what does IgG do

A

antibody immunity to developing foetus

55
Q

what does IgA do

A

secretory: found in breast milk, blood, mucosal defense

56
Q

what does IgM do

A

found in blood, first antibody produces

57
Q

what does IgD do

A

unknown

58
Q

what does IgE do

A

activates mast cells to cause degranulation (allergic response)

59
Q

What cells produce MHC I and what do they present to

A

all nucleated cells, CD8+T cells

60
Q

What cells produce MHC II and what do they present to

A

antigen presenting cells: dendritic, macrophages, B cells,.

activate CD4+T

61
Q

what can CD4+T differentiate into

A

TH0, TH1, TFH

62
Q

what does CD4+T release to cause it to differentiate into TH0, where does this occur

A

IL2, lymph nodes

63
Q

What does TH0 differentiate into and what does this do

A

TH1, leaves lymph nodes and goes to inflamed tissue

64
Q

what does TFH do

A

activates B cells in germinal centre of lymph nodes

65
Q

what does CD8+ develop into

A

killing cells: cytotoxic T lymphocytes

66
Q

how does CTL kill cells

A

migrates out of lymph nodes and binds to infected cells, inserts DNA for apoptosis.

67
Q

what can activate B cells

A

IL4, Il5, IFNy

68
Q

what do mast cells and basophils do

A

secrete inflammatory stuff eg histamine in allergic reaction

69
Q

what is the lectin pathway

A

mannose binding lectin imitates C1 and activates C3

My1 Principles (12 decks)

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