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My1 Principles > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what colour do gram +ive stain and why

A

purple, thick peptidoglycan layer

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2
Q

what colour do gram -ive stain and why

A

pink, think peptidoglycan layer

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3
Q

exotoxin is produced by..

A

gram +ive, produced inside and released

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4
Q

endotoxin is produced by…

A

gram -ive, part of the cell wall

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5
Q

what shape is staphylococcus

A

gram +ive clusters of balls

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6
Q

what is the test for staph A

A

coagulase test, +ive = staph A, -ive = another staph

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7
Q

what is streptococcus

A

gram +ive chain of balls

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8
Q

what does alpha heamolysis show

A

partial, strep pneumonia and viridans

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9
Q

what does beta heamolysis show

A

complete, group A (pyogens) and group B

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10
Q

what does gamma heamolysis show

A

none, is enterococcus

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11
Q

what are enterococci

A

chained cocci, gram +ive, often found in the gut as commensal bacteria but can cause UTI’s

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12
Q

descrive gram -ive cocci

A

diplococci (pairs) and are aerobic

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13
Q

what are the 2 main types of -ive cocci

A

neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoea

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14
Q

describe coliforms of the GI tract

A

grow best aerobically but can be anaerobic. are gram -ive bacilli commensal bacteria. can cause infection in sterile places eg UTI

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15
Q

name common GI coliforms

A

E. coli, klebsiella, proteus

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16
Q

name gut pathogens

A

salmonella, shigella, E. coli 0157 (verotoxin)

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17
Q

what is the antibiotic for GI coliforms and and pathogens

A

gentamicin

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18
Q

what are strict aerobes, name some

A

need O2, pseudomonas (-ive bacilli), legionella (-ive bacilli)

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19
Q

what are strict anaerobes, name some

A

need CO2: clostridia - produces spores and can cause C diff (+ive bacilli), bacteriodes (-ive bacilli)

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20
Q

how do you treat anaerobes

A

metronidazole

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21
Q

name some gram -ive bacilli

A

camplobacter (food poisoning), H pylori (gastritis), H. influenza

22
Q

what are the 2 types of fungal infections

A

yeast eg candida, moulds that produce spores eg aspergillus

23
Q

name a protozoan

A

malaria

24
Q

describe the virus structue

A

DNA or RNA, protein coat surrounded by envelope with protein spikes

25
Q

describe how viruses infecta cell

A

virus uncoats and nucleic acid is released to produce viral proteins, they are released via budding or lysis

26
Q

what does cytotoxic T lymphocyte do in virus infection

A

recognised foreign proteins and induces apoptosis

27
Q

what does IgG and IgM do

A

neutralise and prevent viruses infecting other cells

28
Q

once viruses had infected can they become reactivated

A

yes - eg herpes

29
Q

name some common viral infections

A

HIV, hep C, herpes

30
Q

what do bactericidal drugs do

A

kill bacteria

31
Q

what do bacteriostatic drugs do

A

inhibit bacterial growth

32
Q

what antibiotics attack the cell wall

A

penicillin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

33
Q

what are the 3 types of penicillin and how must they be administered

A 
benzylpenicillin (pen G, IV)
phenoxymethyl penicillin (pwn V, oral)
benzathine penicillin (IM)
34
Q

describe the gram +ive penicillin

A

flucloxacillin for staph and strep

35
Q

describe the gram +ive/-ive penicillin

A

amoxicillin (destroyed by B-lactamase) and co-amoxiclav (everything but MRSA and pseudomonas)

36
Q

describe the gram -ive penicillin

A

temicillin, resistant to B-lactamase, acts on coliforms eg e. coli

37
Q

describe cephlasporins

A

excreted via kidneys and urine, safe in pregnancy, bactericidal, can promote C diff

38
Q

descrive glycopeptides

A

excreted in kidneys and kidneys, bactericidal resistant to B-lactamase, gram +ive eg vancomycin

39
Q

describe penicillin

A

safe in pregnancy, people can be hypersensitive, excreted in kidneys, bactericidal

40
Q

name the 3 antibiotics that attack ribosomes

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides

41
Q

describe aminoglycocides

A

bacteriocidal, gram -ive eg gentamycin, excreted in urine and can damage kidneys, not safe in pregnancy

42
Q

describe tetracyclines

A

broad spectrum, bacteriostatic

43
Q

describe macrolides

A

erythrmoycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, used for pen allergies, excreted via liver, erythromycin safe in pregnancy

44
Q

name the 3 nucleic acid antibiotics

A

metronidazole, trimethroprim, fluoroquinolones

45
Q

describe metronidazole

A

anaerobic infections eg clostridium and bacteroides, dafe in pregnancy, bactericidal

46
Q

describe trimethroprim

A

if you add sulphonamide = co-trimoxazole, can cause UTI’s, bacteriostatic

47
Q

describe fluroquinolones

A

gram +ive or -ive, bacteriocidal, excreted via urine, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin

48
Q

what 4 C’s can cause C diff

A

co-amoxiclac, cephlosporins, clindomycin and ciprofloxacin

49
Q

what 5 I’s spread infection

A

inhalation, ingestion, intercourse, inoculation, mother to Infant

50
Q

how does the body cause a fever

A

antigen interacts with macrophages which release cytokines, they travel to hypothalamus and stimulate PGE, PGE increases body temp –> shiver

My1 Principles (12 decks)

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