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My1 Principles > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is an organelle

A

a small organ essential for life eg mitochondria, nucleus

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2
Q

what is an inclusion

A

dispensable eg glycogen store

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3
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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4
Q

what are microfilaments

A

made by actin, dynamic

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5
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

bind intracellular elements together

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6
Q

what are microtubules

A

hollow tubes made from tubulin subunits a + B, origonate from centrosome

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7
Q

what do dyein and kinesin do

A

attach to microtubules and drag things with them

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8
Q

what is the nuclear envelope

A

space between 2 membranes, called perinuclear cistern filled with water

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9
Q

what is the outer membrane of the nucleus like

A

studded with ribosomes

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10
Q

what is euchromatin and where is it

A

DNA that is dispersed and undergoing transcription

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11
Q

what is heterochromatin and where is it

A

DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

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12
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum

A

inside cytoplasm membrane, connects organelles, flattened fluid membrane

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13
Q

what is rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes, synthesis of proteins and initiation of glycoprotein formation

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14
Q

what is smooth ER

A

continues making proteins from rough ER and rough lipids

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15
Q

what is the golgi complex

A

composed of flat, membrane bound cisternae, packages and modifies stuff

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16
Q

what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria fold to form

A

cristae, to increase SA

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17
Q

what is the only other part of the cell that has DNA apart from nucleus

A

mitochondrion

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18
Q

what do occluding junctions do

A

prevent diffusion from touching cells (AKA tight or zonula occludens)

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19
Q

what do anchoring junctions do

A

link membrane actin filament to adjacent celss,

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20
Q

what do desomosomes do

A

link cells

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21
Q

what do communicating junctions do

A

allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells, creating pores/ channels. AKA gap junctions

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22
Q

describe the stages of microscopy

A

1) tissue preserved (eg formalin) 2) cut v thin slices 3) support materials - dehydrate, solvent and hot wax 4) cut onto microtone and rehydrate 5) changes called artefacts 6) use stains to identify (H&E)

23
Q

what do epithelial cells cover

A

body surfaces (in and out)

24
Q

what shape can epithelial cells be

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar. single layered, stratified or pseudostratisfied

25
Q

in endocrine glands, which end does stuff diffuse from

A

near basal end and diffuse into capillaries

26
Q

in exocrine glands what happens

A

secrete towards apical ends and leave via ducts

27
Q

name some soft connective tissues

A

tendons, ligaments (dense), dermis of skin (soft)

28
Q

name some hard connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone

29
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyalnie, elastic and fibrocartilage

30
Q

is cartilage or bone avascular

A

cartilage, bone has Haversian channels

31
Q

in connective tissue there is a large amount of extracellular space and cells, what is in there?

A

fibre, fluid, fibroblasts, adipose, osteocytes and chondrocytes

32
Q

what fibres do muscle cells have lots of

A

contractile

33
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

involuntary, smooth and no striations,

34
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

voluntary and striated, long and multinucleated

35
Q

what do cardiac muscles look like

A

striated, one nucleus, intercalated discs

36
Q

what do nerve tissue look like

A

neurones and support cells (glia), surrounded by connective tissue

37
Q

what do neurones look like and what types are there

A

think bodies (dendrites) with a main body (soma). astrocytes oligodendrocytes and microglia

38
Q

what are the 4 basic types of cells

A

epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous

39
Q

what is the tunica intima

A

inner layer of blood vessel , single layer of epithelial cells supported by basal lamina and connective tissue

40
Q

what is the tunica media

A

middle layer, smooth muscle

41
Q

what is the tunica adventitia

A

outer layer, made by supporting connective tissue

42
Q

where is the inner and outer elastic membrane

A

inner between intima and media, outer between intima and adventitia

43
Q

in large arteries what is the tunica media replaced with and why

A

elastic fibres, to stop pressure building up

44
Q

what are capillaries and the 3 types

A

endothelial and basal lamina, continous, fenestrated and discontinous

45
Q

where to capillary networks drained too

A

post-capillary benules

46
Q

describe the structure of veins

A

tunica intima, think media and thick adventitia. have valves

47
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

train excess fluid to blood, no central pump but valves

48
Q

how is blood separated

A

centrifuge: plasma on top serum on bottom

49
Q

how big are erythrocutes

A

7 microm, no nucleus

50
Q

how long to erythrocytes live for

A

4 months

51
Q

name the types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils (most common), eosinophils, basophils (rare). monocytes, lymphocytes

52
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments involved in haemostasis, no nucleus

53
Q

what are megakartyocytes

A

large cells of bone marrow that produce platelets

My1 Principles (12 decks)

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