Physiology

Question 1

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

communication between glands and other tissues by secretion of hormone into the blood stream

Question 2

Name the 7 major endocrine glands?

Answer 2

thyroid gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
parathyroid gland
adrenal glands
gonads
pancreas

Question 3

Name 2 modified amino acids?

Answer 3

andrenaline

thyroid hormone

Question 4

Name 3 steroids?

Answer 4

progesterone
cortisol
testosterone

Question 5

What are progesterone, cortisol and testosterone derived from?

Answer 5

cholesterol

Question 6

Name 3 peptides?

Answer 6

ACTH
ADH
oxytocin

Question 7

Name a protein?

Answer 7

insulin

Question 8

What are thyroid hormones derived from?

Answer 8

tyrosine

tryptophan

Question 9

What type of signalling is exhibited by autocrine cells?

Answer 9

cell signals to itself

Question 10

What type of signalling is exhibited by paracrine cells?

Answer 10

cell signals to nearby cells

Question 11

What type of signalling is exhibited by endocrine cells?

Answer 11

cell signals through signalling molecules transported via the blood to target distant cells

Question 12

Describe the action of complementary hormones?

Answer 12

action of several hormones regulates many complex functions

Question 13

Give an example of complementary hormones?

Answer 13

adrenaline
cortisol
glucagon

Question 14

Describe the action of antagonistic hormones?

Answer 14

occurs through the balance of opposing influences

Question 15

Give an example of antagonistic hormones?

Answer 15

insulin

glucagon

Question 16

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport and release of amines?

Answer 16

pre synthesised
stored in vesicles
transported mainly in free plasma
released by Ca dependant exocytosis in response to stimuli

Question 17

Are amines hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

Answer 17

hydrophilic

Question 18

Give an example of an amine?

Answer 18

tyrosine -> adrenaline

Question 19

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport and release of peptides and proteins?

Answer 19

pre synthesises at the ribosomes of rough ER
stored in vesicles
transported mainly in free plasma
released by Ca dependant exocytosis in response to stimuli

Question 20

Are peptides and protiens hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 20

hydrophillic

Question 21

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport and release of steroids?

Answer 21

synthesised on demaned
when stimulated, there is an increased uptake and avaliability of cholesterol and increase in the rate limiting step of transforming cholesterol to pregnenolone
transported mainly bound to plasma proteins

Question 22

Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 22

hydrophobic

Question 23

Is steroid hormone signalling faster or slower than protien, amino acid or peptide signalling?

Answer 23

SLOWER

Question 24

What type of signalling uses carrier proteins?

Answer 24

steroids

Question 25

What is the role of carrier proteins?

Answer 25

increase the amount of hormone in the blood and provie a resevoir of free lipophilic hormone extend the half life of hormone

Question 26

Name 3 specific carrier proteins?

Answer 26

cortison binding gobulin thyroxine binding gobulin - binds T4 mainly, a bit of T3 too sex steroid binding gobulin - bind testosterone and oestradiol

Question 27

Name 2 general carrier proteins?

Answer 27

albumin - binds steroids and thyroxine | transthyretin - binds thyroxine and some steroids

Question 28

How is the free:bound hormone equilibrium kept?

Answer 28

when free hormone concentration falls, the bound hormone unbinds and becomes free which maintains ths equilibrium

Question 29

What rhythm does hormone secretion have?

Answer 29

diurnal rhythm

Question 30

What are the 3 groups of hormone receptors?

Answer 30

G protein coupled Receptor kinases Nuclear receptors

Question 31

Describe G protein coupled receptors?

Answer 31

cell surface receptors that activate a signalling cascade activated by some amines, protiens and peptides ligand = hydrophilic

Question 32

Describe receptor kinases?

Answer 32

intracellular receptor ligand is lipophilic so can difuse accross the membrane activated by proteins and peptides

Question 33

Describe Class 1 nuclear receptors?

Answer 33

activated by steroids located in the cytoplasm bound to heat shock proteins and move to nucleus when activated and forms a dimer by binding to hormone response elements in DNA resulting in a CHANGE OF GENE EXPRESSION ligand is lipophillic

Question 34

Describe Class 2 nuclear receptors?

Answer 34

activated by lipids (glucocorticoid) present in the nucleus ligand is lipophilic

Question 35

Describe hybrid nuclear receptors?

Answer 35

activated by thyroid hormone intracellular receptor ligand is lipophilic