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1. Endocrine > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

communication between glands and other tissues by secretion of hormone into the blood stream

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2
Q

Name the 7 major endocrine glands?

A 
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
parathyroid gland
adrenal glands
gonads
pancreas
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3
Q

Name 2 modified amino acids?

A

andrenaline

thyroid hormone

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4
Q

Name 3 steroids?

A

progesterone
cortisol
testosterone

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5
Q

What are progesterone, cortisol and testosterone derived from?

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

Name 3 peptides?

A

ACTH
ADH
oxytocin

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7
Q

Name a protein?

A

insulin

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8
Q

What are thyroid hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

tryptophan

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9
Q

What type of signalling is exhibited by autocrine cells?

A

cell signals to itself

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10
Q

What type of signalling is exhibited by paracrine cells?

A

cell signals to nearby cells

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11
Q

What type of signalling is exhibited by endocrine cells?

A

cell signals through signalling molecules transported via the blood to target distant cells

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12
Q

Describe the action of complementary hormones?

A

action of several hormones regulates many complex functions

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13
Q

Give an example of complementary hormones?

A

adrenaline
cortisol
glucagon

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14
Q

Describe the action of antagonistic hormones?

A

occurs through the balance of opposing influences

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15
Q

Give an example of antagonistic hormones?

A

insulin

glucagon

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16
Q

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport and release of amines?

A

pre synthesised
stored in vesicles
transported mainly in free plasma
released by Ca dependant exocytosis in response to stimuli

17
Q

Are amines hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

18
Q

Give an example of an amine?

A

tyrosine -> adrenaline

19
Q

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport and release of peptides and proteins?

A

pre synthesises at the ribosomes of rough ER
stored in vesicles
transported mainly in free plasma
released by Ca dependant exocytosis in response to stimuli

20
Q

Are peptides and protiens hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophillic

21
Q

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport and release of steroids?

A

synthesised on demaned
when stimulated, there is an increased uptake and avaliability of cholesterol and increase in the rate limiting step of transforming cholesterol to pregnenolone
transported mainly bound to plasma proteins

22
Q

Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

23
Q

Is steroid hormone signalling faster or slower than protien, amino acid or peptide signalling?

A

SLOWER

24
Q

What type of signalling uses carrier proteins?

A

steroids

25
Q

What is the role of carrier proteins?

A

increase the amount of hormone in the blood and provie a resevoir of free lipophilic hormone
extend the half life of hormone

26
Q

Name 3 specific carrier proteins?

A

cortison binding gobulin
thyroxine binding gobulin - binds T4 mainly, a bit of T3 too
sex steroid binding gobulin - bind testosterone and oestradiol

27
Q

Name 2 general carrier proteins?

A

albumin - binds steroids and thyroxine

transthyretin - binds thyroxine and some steroids

28
Q

How is the free:bound hormone equilibrium kept?

A

when free hormone concentration falls, the bound hormone unbinds and becomes free which maintains ths equilibrium

29
Q

What rhythm does hormone secretion have?

A

diurnal rhythm

30
Q

What are the 3 groups of hormone receptors?

A

G protein coupled
Receptor kinases
Nuclear receptors

31
Q

Describe G protein coupled receptors?

A

cell surface receptors that activate a signalling cascade
activated by some amines, protiens and peptides
ligand = hydrophilic

32
Q

Describe receptor kinases?

A

intracellular receptor
ligand is lipophilic so can difuse accross the membrane
activated by proteins and peptides

33
Q

Describe Class 1 nuclear receptors?

A

activated by steroids
located in the cytoplasm bound to heat shock proteins and move to nucleus when activated and forms a dimer by binding to hormone response elements in DNA resulting in a CHANGE OF GENE EXPRESSION
ligand is lipophillic

34
Q

Describe Class 2 nuclear receptors?

A

activated by lipids (glucocorticoid)
present in the nucleus
ligand is lipophilic

35
Q

Describe hybrid nuclear receptors?

A

activated by thyroid hormone
intracellular receptor
ligand is lipophilic

1. Endocrine (32 decks)

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