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FOUNDATION MEDICINE > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch
Carotid sinus

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2
Q

Process of baroreceptor activation?

A
  1. Sensitive to stretch
  2. Firing rate increases when MAP increases (decreases/STOP when MAP decreases)
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3
Q

What happens to baroreceptor firing if high blood pressure is sustained?

A

Firing decreases/STOP
They only respond to acute changes

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4
Q

Definition of blood pressure?

A

The outwards (hydrostatic) pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walls

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5
Q

Systolic pressure?

A

When the heart is contracting (normally <140mmHg)

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6
Q

Diastolic pressure?

A

When the heart is relaxed (normally <90mmHg)

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7
Q

MAP?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a** single** cardiac cycle

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8
Q

What is the average MAP range?

A

70-105mmHg

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9
Q

MAP equations when you have diastolic and systolic?

A

MAP = [(2x diastolic) + systolic]/3
MAP = Diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)
MAP = DBP + 1/3 difference between SBP/DBP
MAP= [2x diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] + systolic blood pressure (SBP) /3
e.g if BP = 120/70 mmHg
DBP=70
SBP= 120

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10
Q

MAP equations?

A

MAP = Cardiac output (CO) x Total peripheral Resistance (TPR)
MAP = Diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)

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11
Q

CO equation?

A

CO = stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)

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12
Q

How can MAP be regulated?

A

By regulating
-HR
-SV
-TPR

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13
Q

Which vessels control resistance?

A

Arterioles
thus main site of systemic vscular reistnace becasue they distrubute blood into the capillary bed (smaller dimeters and so blood is sequeed more into the vessles )

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14
Q

Tissue?

A

Group of cells with similar structure and specialized function

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15
Q

General idea of how homeostasis works?

A

-Sense deviations from normal
-Integrate this information
-Make appropriate adjustments to restore controlled variable to a desired variable

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16
Q

Intrinsic controls?

A

**Local controls inherent in an organ.
**

e.g organ is capable of maintaining homeostasis within itself. For example, the heart can control its own heart rate.

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17
Q

Extrinsic controls?

A

Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems.

e.g controls of the cardiovascular system include neuronal, humoral, reflex, and chemical regulatory mechanisms

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18
Q

Feedforward?

A

Responses made in anticipation of change

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19
Q

Feedback?

A

A
Responses made after a change has occurred

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20
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

Amplifies a change

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21
Q

What temperature is the body homeostatically maintained at?

A

37.8 celcius

22
Q

What does having normothermia optimise?

A

Cellular metabolism
Cellular function

23
Q

What is the term used to describe normal body temperature?

A

Normothermia نورموثيرميا

24
Q

What can cause variations in body temperature?

A

Natural differences between individuals
Time of day (lower in mornings)
Physical activity or emotions
Exposure to extremes of temperature
Menstrual cycle

25
Q

In which two ways can the body gain heat?

A
  1. Metabolic heat
    2.Radiation from external environment
26
Q

How can the body lose heat?

A

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation

27
Q

Which hormones can increase heat production and why?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroxine

These hormones can speed up metabolic rate, so more heat is produced

28
Q

Besides hormonal/metabolic control, what is one mechanism utilised by the body to increase body temperature?

A

Shivering

(increases muscular activity)

29
Q

The level of heat conduction is dependent on which two factors?

A

A
1. The temperature gradient
2. Thermal conductivity

30
Q

Why does evaporation result in heat loss?

A

Energy require to convert water on the skin to vapor.

31
Q

What are the two types of evaporation?

A
  1. Passive - this happens continuously, water molecules diffuse from bodility surfaces
  2. Active - the sympathetic nervous system is employed to increase sweating
32
Q

Where can thermoreceptors be located?

A
  1. Central - hypothalamus, abdominal organs, other locations
  2. Peripheral locations - skin
33
Q

Where is the control centre for body temperature located?

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

What are the effectors used by the body to control temperature?

A

Skeletal muscle (shivering)
Skin arterioles (dilatation/constriction)
Sweat glands

35
Q

The posterior hypothalamus is activated by ______, whilst the anterior is activated by ______.

A

Cold

Warmth

36
Q

When activated, what will the posterior hypothalamus cause?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increased muscle tone
    -Shivering
  • Behavioural changes - voluntary movement/clothing changes
37
Q

How is fever brought about?

A

A

Macrophages release pro-inflammatory mediators which act as endogenous pyrogens

They stimulate prostaglandin release which causes the hypothalamus to raise the baseline body temperature that is maintained

Shivering and vasoconstriction will be initiated by hypothalamus to raise body temperature

38
Q

Why is it called when the body temperature exceeds 40 degrees?

A

Hyperthermia

39
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

When the core body temperature decreases below 35 degrees

40
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of steady states within our bodies by coordinated physiological mechanisms.

  • in internal envirmonet
41
Q

Active evaporation is called?

A

Sweating - controlled by sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Small area in the brain
Body’s thermostat

43
Q

what is the feature of Negative feedback control ?

A

Promotes stability by regulation of a controlled variable through the flow of information along a closed loop.

  • happen oppose an initial change
44
Q

system which amplyfie intial chnage is known as ?

A

Postive feedback

45
Q

Feedforward

A

responses made in anticipation of a change

46
Q

when will Thermostat reset to normal ?

A

if pyrogen release reduced/stopped

47
Q

What effect does ATP hydrolysis have on the sodium potassium pump?

A

The ADP is released but the phosphate group phosphorylates the pump. causing Na+ to move outside the cell against the concentration gradient

48
Q

ANP -
BNP -

A
  • released in response to atrial distension.
  • important for heart failure diagnosis.
49
Q

ADH

A

Secretion stimulated by - reduced extracellular fluid volume or increased extracellular fluid osmolality. ADH acts in the kidney tubules to increase the reabsorption of water ie concentrate urine (anti-diuresis). ADH also acts on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction.

50
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate.(BMR)

A

is the minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body function and lead to basic level of heat production

51
Q

the steps of haemostasis

A

1) Constriction of the blood vessel
2) Formation of a platelet plug
3) Activation of the coagulation cascade
4) Formation of a fibrin plug

52
Q

E. Pinocytosis

A

Pinocytosis is the internalisation of fluids (and particles contained within) into cells through invagination of the cell membrane.

FOUNDATION MEDICINE (23 decks)

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