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Alimentary > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

1- mucosa
2- submucosa
3-muscularis externa
4-adventia/serosa

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2
Q

What layers make up the mucosa of the GI tract

A

1- epithelium
2- lamina propria
3-muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

where in the body does the submucosa of the GI tract have glands

A

oesophagus and duodenum

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4
Q

Role of serosa/adventitia

A

connects organs to surrounding structures

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5
Q

Where in the GI tract is it called adventitia

A

oesophagus and rectum

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6
Q

Where in the GI tract is it called serosa

A

stomach, small and large intestine

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7
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve of the GI tract

A

vagus nerve

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve of the GI tract

A

splanchnic nerve

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9
Q

Names of the plexus’ in the GI tract and where they are located

A

submucosal plexus- between submucosa and circular muscularis

myenteric plexus- between circular muscularis and longitudinal muscularis

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10
Q

name of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anaemia

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11
Q

What is the anti bacterial property of saliva

A

lysozyme

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12
Q

What kind of glands are saliva glands

A

exocrine as mouth is outside the body

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13
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves affect salivary secretion

A

facial and glossopharyngeal

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14
Q

What kind of saliva secretion does parasympathetic cause

A

very water and lots of it

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15
Q

What kind of saliva secretion does sympathetic cause

A

small volume of sticky saliva

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16
Q

name of movement in oesophagus

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

name of folds in the stomach

A

rugae

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18
Q

main function of fundus of stomach

A

storage

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19
Q

main function of body of stomach

A 
storage
secretion (musuc, HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor)
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20
Q

main function of pyloric region (antrum) of stomach

A

mixing and grinding

gastrin

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21
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

inactive form of pepsin enzyme

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22
Q

What stomach cell secrets mucus

A

mucus neck cell

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23
Q

What stomach cell secrets HCl

A

parietal cells

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24
Q

What stomach cell secrets intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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25
Q

What stomach cell secrets pepsinogen

A

chief cells

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26
Q

What enzyme combines CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid. In which cell does this happen

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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27
Q

what molecule directly affects H+ ion secretion into lumen of stomach

A

Protein kinase

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28
Q

What ion affects protein kinase activity

A

Ca

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29
Q

What neurotransmitter promotes HCl production

A

acetylcholine

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30
Q

What hormone promotes HCl production

A

gastrin

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31
Q

What paracrine hormone promotes HCl production

A

Histamine

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32
Q

What inhibits cAMP production

A

prostaglandins

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33
Q

What parasympathetic nerve affects HCl production

A

vagus nerve

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34
Q

Describe the 2 ways that the vagus nerve promotes HCl production in cephalic phase

A

Causes ACh to bind to receptor

Stimulates g cells in pylorus region to release gastrin

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35
Q

What is the cephalic phase

A

pre-emptive response (sight, smell, thought)

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36
Q

During gastric phase, what stimulates vagus nerve

A

the stomach expanding

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37
Q

During the gastric stage, what causes the stimulation of g cells

A

peptides in the lumen

38
Q

What releases histamine in the stomach

A

ECL cells

39
Q

What stimulates ECL cells in the gastric phase

A

ACh and gastrin

40
Q

What inhibits gastrin activity

A

low pH (lots of acid)

41
Q

What 2 things in duodenum inhibit HCl production

A

acid
fat
carbohydrate

42
Q

What does acid in the duodenum cause

A

enterogastric reflex and secretin release which both cause gastrin secretion to decrease and decreases parietal cell sensitivity to gastrin

43
Q

What does fat or carbohydrate in the duodenum cause

A

release of GIP which decreases gastrin secretion

44
Q

What are enterogastrones

A

hormones released by duodenum in response to acid, fatty acids, monoglycerides and hypertonic solutions

45
Q

2 main way enterogastrones work

A

inhibit gastric acid secretion

cause pyloric sphincter to close

46
Q

What causes pepsinogen to become pepsin

A

acidic environment (pH<3)

47
Q

What happens to pepsin in a neutral environment

A

becomes fully deactivated

48
Q

Mucus layer has high concentration of what molecule

A

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

49
Q

name of gastric content

A

chyme

50
Q

what causes increases peristalsis of stomach

A

gastrin increased contraction

neural control from stomach distention increases contraction

51
Q

what causes decreases peristalsis of stomach

A

fat/peptides/carbohydrate/acid/hypertonicity in duodenum

52
Q

Acid in the duodenum triggers what

A

vagus nerve and enteric nerves system to stimulate Brunner’s glands
s cells to secrete secretin which stimulate Brunner’s cells

53
Q

What gland secretes bicarbonate in duodenum and from what layer does this gland come from

A

Brunner’s gland

submucosa

54
Q

What does the hormone secretin affect

A

Brunner’s glands (HCO3)
Pancreas (HCO3)
Liver(HCO3)

55
Q

What inhibits secretin

A

neutral pH

56
Q

What part of pancreas is involved in digestion

A

exocrine

57
Q

go from smallest to largest in the travel of pancreatic secretions

A 
acinar cells
lobules 
intercalated ducts 
intralobular ducts
interlobular ducts
main pancreatic duct 
common bile duct 
hepatopancreatic ampulla 
duodenum
58
Q

other name for hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

sphincter of oddi

59
Q

What cells secrete digestive enzymes in the pancreas

A

acinar cells

60
Q

What cells secrete HCO3 in the pancreas

A

duct cells

61
Q

Name of inactive digestive enzymes

A

zymogens

62
Q

What converts zymogens to their active form

A

the enzyme trypsin

63
Q

Where is trypsinogen converted to trypsin

A

brush border of duodenum

64
Q

What enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin

A

enterokinase

65
Q

What stimulates zymogen secretion

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

neural control

66
Q

What causes CCK release

A

fats and acid in duodenum

67
Q

what is in a portal triad

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic duct
Hepatic artery

68
Q

What is hepatic chord comprised of

A

hepatocytes

69
Q

hepatocyte function

A

bile synthesis
stores nutrients
interconversion of nutrients (turns glucose to peptide or something along those lines)
detoxification

70
Q

Six components of bile

A 
Bile acids 
Lecithin 
cholesterol 
Bile pigment (bilirubin from red blood cells 
toxic metals 
HCO3
71
Q

What component of bile is not made by hepatocytes

A

HCO3 is produced by duct cells

72
Q

What layers does the gall bladder have

A

mucosa
muscularis
serosa

73
Q

How does gall bladder concentrate bile

A

Na is absorbed by gallbladder, which water follows due to osmolarity

74
Q

What molecule causes relaxation of sphincter of oddi and gallbladder contraction

A

CCK (due to fat in duodenum)

75
Q

Difference between crypts and villi of small intestine

A

villi-absorption

crypts- secretion

76
Q

segmentation movement

A

like peristalsis but it goes backwards and forwards

77
Q

What cells cause segmentation

A

intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER)

78
Q

Sympathetic nerve effect on BER

A

decrease

79
Q

Vagus effect on BER

A

Increase

80
Q

What causes peristalsis of intestine

A

Migrating Motility Complex (MMC)

81
Q

When does MMC occur

A

when absorption is complete in intestine

82
Q

Where does MMC happen

A

Antrum of stomach to distal end of ilium

83
Q

What causes MMC to stop

A

food in stomach

84
Q

What hormone is involved in MMC initiation

A

motilin

85
Q

What connects cecum and ilium

A

ileocolic sphincter

86
Q

crypts in large intestine mainly contain what cells

A

goblet cells

87
Q

Describe defecation reflex in general

A

you eat a meal
this triggers mass peristalsis of colon all the way to rectum
distention of rectum produced the urge to defecate

88
Q

Process of defecation

A

rectum contracts
internal anal sphincter relaxes whilst external contracts
increased peristalsis of colon which increases pressure on external sphincter
voluntary release of faeces

89
Q

Role of acetate

A

forms fat

90
Q

Role of propionate

A

Transported to liver and undergoes glycogenesis

91
Q

Role of butyrate

A

epithelia growth and regeneration

Alimentary (14 decks)

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