Physiological Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Types of neurotransmitters
A
ACh Catecholamines Serotonin GABA Glutamate Endorphins
2
Q
ACh: function
A
voluntary motor movements
memory
* LOW levels ACh in Alzheimer’s
3
Q
Catecholamines: function
A
personality mood drive * catecholamine hypot * dopamine hypot
4
Q
Examples of catecholamines
A
norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine
5
Q
Catecholamine hypothesis
A
Depression due to:
LOW levels norepinephrine
6
Q
Dopamine hypothesis
A
Schizophrenia due to:
HIGH levels dopamine
7
Q
Serotonin: function
A
hunger temperature regulation sexual activity aggression onset of sleep
8
Q
Serotonin hypothesis
A
Schizophrenia & Autism associated with:
HIGH levels serotonin
Depression, PTSD, OCD associated with:
LOW levels serotonin
9
Q
GABA: function
A
sleep eating seizure anxiety disorder * LOW levels GABA in Huntington's Disease
10
Q
Glutamate: function
A
learning
long-term memory
HIGH glutamate in Huntington’s & Alzheimer’s
11
Q
Medulla: function
[brainstem; hindbrain]
A
vital ANS functions:
circulation
respiration
12
Q
Medulla: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain]
A
fatal
13
Q
Pons: function
[brainstem; hindbrain]
A
transmits motor info from higher brain & spinal cord to cerebellum
integrates movements in R & L sides of body
respiration
feeding
sleep
14
Q
Cerebellum: function
[brainstem; hindbrain]
A
balance
posture
coordinated & refined motor movements
15
Q
Cerebellum: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain]
A
“ataxia”
lack of balance
severe tremors
drunken-like movements
16
Q
Reticular Activating System (RAS): function
[midbrain]
A
screens incoming info & relays to higher centers of brain
arousal
17
Q
Reticular Activating System (RAS): damage
[midbrain]
A
disrupts normal sleep-wakefulness cycle
possible permanent coma-like sleep
18
Q
Thalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain]
A
“relay station” for all sensory input (EXCEPT olfaction)
19
Q
Thalamus: damage
[diencephalon; forebrain]
A
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism
20
Q
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
A
caused by thiamine deficiency as a result of alcoholism
severe anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
confabulation
21
Q
Hypothalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain]
A
maintains body’s internal HOMEOSTASIS
controls ANS & endocrine glands
mediates basic drives
regulates emotional expression
22
Q
Amygdala: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
A
controls emotional activities
mediates defensive-aggressive bheaviours
attaches emotions to memories
23
Q
Amygdala: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
A
reduced aggressiveness Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - compulsive oral behaviours - hypersexuality - visual agnosia
24
Q
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A
damage to amygdala
compulsive oral behaviours
hypersexuality
visual agnosia
25
Hippocampus: function
| [limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
consolidation of memory
26
Hippocampus: damage
| [limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]
inability to form new memories
27
Frontal lobe: function
| [cerebral cortex]
emotion & personality
planning
decision making
28
Cerebral cortex makes _____ % of the brain's total weight
80%
29
Frontal lobe: damage
| [cerebral cortex]
changes in personality
loss of a sense of "self"
inability to carry out plans
30
Parietal lobe: function
| [cerebral cortex]
```
somatosensory cortex
pain
pressure
heat
cold
```
31
Parietal lobe: damage
| [cerebral cortex]
```
impairments in:
spatial orientation
touch
facial recognition
* can cause Gerstmann syndrome
```
32
Temporal: function
| [cerebral cortex]
auditory perception
33
Occipital: function
| [cerebral cortex]
visual perception
34
limbic system is primary associated with ___________
emotion
35
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
36
Basal Ganglia: function
| [telencephalon; forebrain]
planning
organizing
voluntary movement
regulating motor actions
37
Basal Ganglia: associated disorders
| [telencephalon; forebrain]
```
Parkinson's
Tourette's
Mania
Depression
OCD
Psychosis
```
38
hemispheric specialization
```
LEFT (dominant)
verbal activities
analytical, logical thought
positive emotional states
RIGHT
visual-spatial activities
e.g. facial recognition
spatial interpretation
memory for shapes
negative emotions
```
39
corpus callosum
major pathway for info travelling between hemispheres
40
2 branches of nervous system
central nervous system
| peripheral nervous system
41
structures of CNS
brain
| spinal cord
42
Autonomic Nervous System: function
```
controls internal glands/organs, including:
heart
bladder
stomach
endocrine glands
```
43
sympathetic nervous system: function
| [autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys]
```
active during stress & excitement
promotes energy expenditure by:
inc blood sugar
accelerating breathing
raising blood pressure & heart rate
```
44
parasympathetic nervous system: function
| [autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys]
```
operates during states of relaxation
helps body conserve energy by:
slowing heart rate & blood flow
inhibiting glucose release
constricting blood vessels
```
45
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): location & function
hypothalamus
mediates sleep-wake cycle
mediates circadian rhythms
*involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder
46
Broca's area: location & function
| [premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
premotor cortex
| speech production
47
Broca's area: damage
| [premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
| - difficulties in producing spoken & written language
48
Prefrontal cortex: function
| [frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
```
complex behaviours
emotion
sensory
self-awareness
executive functions
```
49
Prefrontal cortex: damage
| [frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]
pseudodepression
pseudopsychopathy
probs w/ abstract thinking, planning, decision-making
perseveration
50
apraxia
inability to perform skilled motor movements in absence of impaired motor
functioning
51
anosognosia
inability to recognize one's own neurological sx or other disorder
52
Wernicke's area: location & function
| [temporal lobe; cerebral cortex]
dominant temporal lobe
| comprehension of language
53
visual agnosia
inability to recognize familiar objects
54
simultanagnosis
inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
55
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
56
contralateral representation
L side of brain controls R side of body, and vice versa
57
Hemispheric specialization
```
LEFT (dominant)
written & spoken language
logical & analytical thinking
RIGHT
spatial processing
creativity
facial recognition
```
58
"split-brain" patients
sever corpus callosum to control severe epilepsy
deficits in ability to verbally identify info presented to RIGHT hemisphere
only.
59
types of colour blindness
```
Trichromats
normal colour vision
Dichromats
lack 1 of 3 pigments
usually red-green blind
Monochromats
no colour vision
```
60
3 theories of emotion
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
two-factor (cognitive) theory
61
James-Lange theory of emotion
emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions
e.g. you are afraid because your knees are skaking
support from quadriplegics experiencing less intense emotions following
injury
62
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
emotional & bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously
63
Two-factor (cognitive) theory of emotion
```
emotion a consequence of:
1. physiological arousal
2. cognitive interpretation
3. enviornmental context
support from Schachter & Singer's epinephrine study
```
64
general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
```
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions &
involves 3 stages
alarm reaction
resistance (ACTH/cortisol)
exhaustion
```
65
gonadotropic hormones
estrogen (ovaries)
progesterone (ovaries)
testosterone (testes)
androstenedion (testes)
66
androgens
testosterone
| androstenedione
67
closed-head injury
loss of consciousness (coma)
post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia
sometimes retrograde amnesia
cognitive probs if PTA > 24 hrs
68
hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism
```
HYPER (Grave's Disease)
fast metabolism
high body temp
inc appetite w/ weight loss
nervousness
HYPO
slow metabolism
dec appetite w/ weight gain
lethargy
depression
apathy
```
69
Broca's Aphasia
```
"expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia"
slow speech w/ difficulty
poor articulation
omissions
anomia
probs repeating phrases
comprehension of language OK
aware of deficits
frustration & depression
```
70
Wernicke's Aphasia
```
"receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia"
probs understanding
speech devoid of content
anomia
paraphasia
unaware that speech is meaningless
```
71
Conduction (Associative) Aphasia
damage to structure that connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas
anomia
inability to repeat words
know what they want to say, but have difficulty
72
Global Aphasia
total or near-total loss of language
| some automatic speech
73
Transcortical Aphasia
lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia
lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to:
transcortical SENSORY aphasia
74
2 types of antipsychotic drugs
1. Traditional (conventional)
| 2. Atypical (novel)
75
Ex: traditional antipsychotics
phenothiazine
thioxanthene
butyrophenone
76
Use: traditional antipsychotics
+ve sx of schizophrenia
acute mania
NOT -ve sx of schizophrenia
77
Action: traditional antipsychotics
blocks dopamine (D2) receptors, therefore dec dopamine
78
Side effects: traditional antipsychotics
1. tardive dyskinesia (esp w/ Haloperidol)
- can add benzo or other GABA agonist to treat
2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
rapid autonomic sx
potentially fatal
stop meds immediately
79
Ex: Atypical antipsychotics
clozapine
resperidone
olanzapine
quetiapine
80
Use: Atypical antipsychotics
```
schizophrenia
bipolar
alc & drugs
huntington's
parkinson's
note: helpful for +ve & -ve sx of schizophrenia, but SLOWER ONSET
```
81
Mode: Atypical antipsychotics
block D2, serotonin & glutamate
82
side effects: Atypical antipsychotics
1. NMS
2. agranulocytosis (blood disorder)
NOT tardive dyskinesia
83
advantage of atypical vs traditional neuroleptics?
no tartive dyskinesia
| helps +ve & -ve sx schiz
84
advantage of traditional vs atypical neuroleptics?
faster acting
| no close blood monitoring
85
Ex: anticholinergic side effects
```
dry mouth
blurred vision
tachycardia
constipation
urinary retention
sedation
```
86
Ex: extrapyramidal side effects
tardive dyskinesia
akathisia
muscle spasms
parkinsonsim
87
Types of antidepressants
TCSs
SSRIs
MAOIs
Newer antidepressants
88
Ex: TCAs
amitriptyline
doxepin
imipramine
clomipramine
89
Mode: TCAs
block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or dopamine, therfore
increasing these
supporting catecholomine hypothesis
90
Side effects: TCAs
cardiovascular sx
| anticholinergic effects
91
when not to prescribe a TCA
high risk for suicide
| heart disease
92
Ex: SSRIs
```
fluoxetine (prozac)
fluvoxamine (luvox)
paroxetine (paxil)
sertraline (zoloft)
citalpram (celexa)
```
93
Mode: SSRIs
blocks reuptake of serotonin, therefore increases it
94
Use: SSRIs
melancholic depression
| etc.
95
Use: TCAs
vegetative & somatic depression
96
advantages of SSRIs over TCAs
less cardiotoxic
safer in overdose
less cognitive impairment
more rapid onset
97
Ex: MAOIs
isocarboxazid
phenelzine
tranylcypromine
98
Use: MAOIs
atypical depression
| - anxiety, hypersomnia
99
Mode: MAOIs
inhibits enzyme monoamine oxidase, therefore deactivates dopamine,
norepinephrine & serotonin
100
Side effects: MAOIs
hypertensive crisis - when taken w/ barbiturates, amphetamines,
antihistamines or food w/ TYRAMINE
101
Ex: newer antidepressants
bupropion (wellbutrin)
venlafaxine (effexor)
nefazodone (serxone)
trazodone (desyrel)
102
Types of mood stabilizing drugs
Lithium
| Carbamazepine
103
Side effects: Lithium
toxicity
- serum levels monitored
Must avoid fluctuations in salt intake, caffeine, alcohol
104
when would you use Carbamazepine instead of Lithium in tx of bipolar
disorder
rapid cyclers
dysphoric mood
kidney, liver, thyroid or gastrointestinal probs
105
Types of sedative-hypnotics
barbiturates
benzodiazepines
Azapirone
106
Ex: barbiturates
phenobarbital !!
107
Mode: barbiturates
interrupt impulses to RAS
108
Ex: benzos
benzodiazepam
109
Mode: benzos
inhibits GABA
110
advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone
non-addictive
no sedation
take for several weeks
111
Use: Beta blockers
high BP
angina
migraines
glaucoma
112
Types: psychostimulants
amphetamines
| methylphenidate (ritalin)
113
Use: psychostimulants
narcolepsy
| ADHD
114
Mode: psychostimulants
inc norepinephrine & serotonin
115
Side effects: amphetamines
tolerance
dependence
sensitization
116
side effects: Methylphenidate
dysphoria
growth suppression (therefore need drug holidays)
contraindicated for family hx tourette's
117
Ex: narcotic-analygesics (opioids)
```
NATURAL OPIODS
opium
morphine
codeine
SEMI-SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE
heroin
percodan
dilaudid
PURE SYNTHETICS
demerol
darvon
methadone
```
