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EPPP by Subject Area > Physiological Psychology > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A 
ACh
Catecholamines
Serotonin
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
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2
Q

ACh: function

A

voluntary motor movements
memory
* LOW levels ACh in Alzheimer’s

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3
Q

Catecholamines: function

A 
personality
mood
drive
* catecholamine hypot
* dopamine hypot
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4
Q

Examples of catecholamines

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine

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5
Q

Catecholamine hypothesis

A

Depression due to:

LOW levels norepinephrine

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6
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia due to:

HIGH levels dopamine

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7
Q

Serotonin: function

A 
hunger
temperature regulation
sexual activity
aggression
onset of sleep
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8
Q

Serotonin hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia & Autism associated with:
HIGH levels serotonin
Depression, PTSD, OCD associated with:
LOW levels serotonin

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9
Q

GABA: function

A 
sleep
eating
seizure
anxiety disorder
* LOW levels GABA in Huntington's Disease
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10
Q

Glutamate: function

A

learning
long-term memory
HIGH glutamate in Huntington’s & Alzheimer’s

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11
Q

Medulla: function

[brainstem; hindbrain]

A

vital ANS functions:
circulation
respiration

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12
Q

Medulla: damage

[brainstem; hindbrain]

A

fatal

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13
Q

Pons: function

[brainstem; hindbrain]

A

transmits motor info from higher brain & spinal cord to cerebellum
integrates movements in R & L sides of body
respiration
feeding
sleep

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14
Q

Cerebellum: function

[brainstem; hindbrain]

A

balance
posture
coordinated & refined motor movements

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15
Q

Cerebellum: damage

[brainstem; hindbrain]

A

“ataxia”
lack of balance
severe tremors
drunken-like movements

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16
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS): function

[midbrain]

A

screens incoming info & relays to higher centers of brain
arousal

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17
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS): damage

[midbrain]

A

disrupts normal sleep-wakefulness cycle

possible permanent coma-like sleep

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18
Q

Thalamus: function

[diencephalon; forebrain]

A

“relay station” for all sensory input (EXCEPT olfaction)

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19
Q

Thalamus: damage

[diencephalon; forebrain]

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

- caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism

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20
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

caused by thiamine deficiency as a result of alcoholism
severe anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
confabulation

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21
Q

Hypothalamus: function

[diencephalon; forebrain]

A

maintains body’s internal HOMEOSTASIS
controls ANS & endocrine glands
mediates basic drives
regulates emotional expression

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22
Q

Amygdala: function

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]

A

controls emotional activities
mediates defensive-aggressive bheaviours
attaches emotions to memories

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23
Q

Amygdala: damage

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]

A 
reduced aggressiveness
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- compulsive oral behaviours
- hypersexuality
- visual agnosia
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24
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

damage to amygdala
compulsive oral behaviours
hypersexuality
visual agnosia

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25
Q

Hippocampus: function

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]

A

consolidation of memory

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26
Q

Hippocampus: damage

[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain]

A

inability to form new memories

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27
Q

Frontal lobe: function

[cerebral cortex]

A

emotion & personality
planning
decision making

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28
Q

Cerebral cortex makes _____ % of the brain’s total weight

A

80%

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29
Q

Frontal lobe: damage

[cerebral cortex]

A

changes in personality
loss of a sense of “self”
inability to carry out plans

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30
Q

Parietal lobe: function

[cerebral cortex]

A 
somatosensory cortex
pain
pressure
heat
cold
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31
Q

Parietal lobe: damage

[cerebral cortex]

A 
impairments in:
spatial orientation
touch
facial recognition
* can cause Gerstmann syndrome
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32
Q

Temporal: function

[cerebral cortex]

A

auditory perception

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33
Q

Occipital: function

[cerebral cortex]

A

visual perception

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34
Q

limbic system is primary associated with ___________

A

emotion

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35
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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36
Q

Basal Ganglia: function

[telencephalon; forebrain]

A

planning
organizing
voluntary movement
regulating motor actions

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37
Q

Basal Ganglia: associated disorders

[telencephalon; forebrain]

A 
Parkinson's
Tourette's
Mania
Depression
OCD
Psychosis
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38
Q

hemispheric specialization

A 
LEFT (dominant)
verbal activities
analytical, logical thought
positive emotional states
RIGHT
visual-spatial activities
e.g. facial recognition
spatial interpretation
memory for shapes
negative emotions
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39
Q

corpus callosum

A

major pathway for info travelling between hemispheres

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40
Q

2 branches of nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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41
Q

structures of CNS

A

brain

spinal cord

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42
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: function

A 
controls internal glands/organs, including:
heart
bladder
stomach
endocrine glands
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43
Q

sympathetic nervous system: function

[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys]

A 
active during stress & excitement
promotes energy expenditure by:
inc blood sugar
accelerating breathing
raising blood pressure & heart rate
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44
Q

parasympathetic nervous system: function

[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys]

A 
operates during states of relaxation
helps body conserve energy by:
slowing heart rate & blood flow
inhibiting glucose release
constricting blood vessels
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45
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): location & function

A

hypothalamus
mediates sleep-wake cycle
mediates circadian rhythms
*involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder

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46
Q

Broca’s area: location & function

[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]

A

premotor cortex

speech production

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47
Q

Broca’s area: damage

[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]

A

Broca’s (expressive) aphasia

- difficulties in producing spoken & written language

48
Q

Prefrontal cortex: function

[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]

A 
complex behaviours
emotion
sensory
self-awareness
executive functions
49
Q

Prefrontal cortex: damage

[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex]

A

pseudodepression
pseudopsychopathy
probs w/ abstract thinking, planning, decision-making
perseveration

50
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform skilled motor movements in absence of impaired motor
functioning

51
Q

anosognosia

A

inability to recognize one’s own neurological sx or other disorder

52
Q

Wernicke’s area: location & function

[temporal lobe; cerebral cortex]

A

dominant temporal lobe

comprehension of language

53
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar objects

54
Q

simultanagnosis

A

inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time

55
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces

56
Q

contralateral representation

A

L side of brain controls R side of body, and vice versa

57
Q

Hemispheric specialization

A 
LEFT (dominant)
written & spoken language
logical & analytical thinking
RIGHT
spatial processing
creativity
facial recognition
58
Q

“split-brain” patients

A

sever corpus callosum to control severe epilepsy
deficits in ability to verbally identify info presented to RIGHT hemisphere
only.

59
Q

types of colour blindness

A 
Trichromats
normal colour vision
Dichromats
lack 1 of 3 pigments
usually red-green blind
Monochromats
no colour vision
60
Q

3 theories of emotion

A

James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
two-factor (cognitive) theory

61
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions
e.g. you are afraid because your knees are skaking
support from quadriplegics experiencing less intense emotions following
injury

62
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

emotional & bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously

63
Q

Two-factor (cognitive) theory of emotion

A 
emotion a consequence of:
1. physiological arousal
2. cognitive interpretation
3. enviornmental context
support from Schachter & Singer's epinephrine study
64
Q

general adaptation syndrome (Selye)

A 
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions &
involves 3 stages
alarm reaction
resistance (ACTH/cortisol)
exhaustion
65
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

estrogen (ovaries)
progesterone (ovaries)
testosterone (testes)
androstenedion (testes)

66
Q

androgens

A

testosterone

androstenedione

67
Q

closed-head injury

A

loss of consciousness (coma)
post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia
sometimes retrograde amnesia
cognitive probs if PTA > 24 hrs

68
Q

hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism

A 
HYPER (Grave's Disease)
fast metabolism
high body temp
inc appetite w/ weight loss
nervousness
HYPO
slow metabolism
dec appetite w/ weight gain
lethargy
depression
apathy
69
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A 
"expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia"
slow speech w/ difficulty
poor articulation
omissions
anomia
probs repeating phrases
comprehension of language OK
aware of deficits
frustration & depression
70
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A 
"receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia"
probs understanding
speech devoid of content
anomia
paraphasia
unaware that speech is meaningless
71
Q

Conduction (Associative) Aphasia

A

damage to structure that connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s areas
anomia
inability to repeat words
know what they want to say, but have difficulty

72
Q

Global Aphasia

A

total or near-total loss of language

some automatic speech

73
Q

Transcortical Aphasia

A

lesion that isolates Broca’s leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia
lesion that isolates Wernicke’s leads to:
transcortical SENSORY aphasia

74
Q

2 types of antipsychotic drugs

A
  1. Traditional (conventional)

2. Atypical (novel)

75
Q

Ex: traditional antipsychotics

A

phenothiazine
thioxanthene
butyrophenone

76
Q

Use: traditional antipsychotics

A

+ve sx of schizophrenia
acute mania
NOT -ve sx of schizophrenia

77
Q

Action: traditional antipsychotics

A

blocks dopamine (D2) receptors, therefore dec dopamine

78
Q

Side effects: traditional antipsychotics

A
  1. tardive dyskinesia (esp w/ Haloperidol)
    - can add benzo or other GABA agonist to treat
  2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
    rapid autonomic sx
    potentially fatal
    stop meds immediately
79
Q

Ex: Atypical antipsychotics

A

clozapine
resperidone
olanzapine
quetiapine

80
Q

Use: Atypical antipsychotics

A 
schizophrenia
bipolar
alc & drugs
huntington's
parkinson's
note: helpful for +ve & -ve sx of schizophrenia, but SLOWER ONSET
81
Q

Mode: Atypical antipsychotics

A

block D2, serotonin & glutamate

82
Q

side effects: Atypical antipsychotics

A
  1. NMS
  2. agranulocytosis (blood disorder)
    NOT tardive dyskinesia
83
Q

advantage of atypical vs traditional neuroleptics?

A

no tartive dyskinesia

helps +ve & -ve sx schiz

84
Q

advantage of traditional vs atypical neuroleptics?

A

faster acting

no close blood monitoring

85
Q

Ex: anticholinergic side effects

A 
dry mouth
blurred vision
tachycardia
constipation
urinary retention
sedation
86
Q

Ex: extrapyramidal side effects

A

tardive dyskinesia
akathisia
muscle spasms
parkinsonsim

87
Q

Types of antidepressants

A

TCSs
SSRIs
MAOIs
Newer antidepressants

88
Q

Ex: TCAs

A

amitriptyline
doxepin
imipramine
clomipramine

89
Q

Mode: TCAs

A

block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or dopamine, therfore
increasing these
supporting catecholomine hypothesis

90
Q

Side effects: TCAs

A

cardiovascular sx

anticholinergic effects

91
Q

when not to prescribe a TCA

A

high risk for suicide

heart disease

92
Q

Ex: SSRIs

A 
fluoxetine (prozac)
fluvoxamine (luvox)
paroxetine (paxil)
sertraline (zoloft)
citalpram (celexa)
93
Q

Mode: SSRIs

A

blocks reuptake of serotonin, therefore increases it

94
Q

Use: SSRIs

A

melancholic depression

etc.

95
Q

Use: TCAs

A

vegetative & somatic depression

96
Q

advantages of SSRIs over TCAs

A

less cardiotoxic
safer in overdose
less cognitive impairment
more rapid onset

97
Q

Ex: MAOIs

A

isocarboxazid
phenelzine
tranylcypromine

98
Q

Use: MAOIs

A

atypical depression

- anxiety, hypersomnia

99
Q

Mode: MAOIs

A

inhibits enzyme monoamine oxidase, therefore deactivates dopamine,
norepinephrine & serotonin

100
Q

Side effects: MAOIs

A

hypertensive crisis - when taken w/ barbiturates, amphetamines,
antihistamines or food w/ TYRAMINE

101
Q

Ex: newer antidepressants

A

bupropion (wellbutrin)
venlafaxine (effexor)
nefazodone (serxone)
trazodone (desyrel)

102
Q

Types of mood stabilizing drugs

A

Lithium

Carbamazepine

103
Q

Side effects: Lithium

A

toxicity
- serum levels monitored
Must avoid fluctuations in salt intake, caffeine, alcohol

104
Q

when would you use Carbamazepine instead of Lithium in tx of bipolar
disorder

A

rapid cyclers
dysphoric mood
kidney, liver, thyroid or gastrointestinal probs

105
Q

Types of sedative-hypnotics

A

barbiturates
benzodiazepines
Azapirone

106
Q

Ex: barbiturates

A

phenobarbital !!

107
Q

Mode: barbiturates

A

interrupt impulses to RAS

108
Q

Ex: benzos

A

benzodiazepam

109
Q

Mode: benzos

A

inhibits GABA

110
Q

advantages & disadvantages of Azapirone

A

non-addictive
no sedation
take for several weeks

111
Q

Use: Beta blockers

A

high BP
angina
migraines
glaucoma

112
Q

Types: psychostimulants

A

amphetamines

methylphenidate (ritalin)

113
Q

Use: psychostimulants

A

narcolepsy

ADHD

114
Q

Mode: psychostimulants

A

inc norepinephrine & serotonin

115
Q

Side effects: amphetamines

A

tolerance
dependence
sensitization

116
Q

side effects: Methylphenidate

A

dysphoria
growth suppression (therefore need drug holidays)
contraindicated for family hx tourette’s

117
Q

Ex: narcotic-analygesics (opioids)

A 
NATURAL OPIODS
opium
morphine
codeine
SEMI-SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE
heroin
percodan
dilaudid
PURE SYNTHETICS
demerol
darvon
methadone

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