Clinical Psychology

Question 1

What is the most effective treatment for smoking cessation?

Answer 1

Nicotine replacement therapy AND Behavioral intervention

Question 2

What clinical test was developed on the basis of empirical

criterion keying?

Answer 2

MMPI-2

Question 3

What is empirical criterion keying?

Answer 3

Empirical criterion keying is a method of choosing
items for a test on the basis of the items ability to distinguish
between groups (i.e., depressed vs. nondepressed)

Question 4

Diagnostic Overshadowing

Answer 4

Therapist tendency to attribute all of a patient’s problems to their diagnosis

Question 5

What is the greatest risk factor for childhood depression?

Answer 5

Parental Depression

Question 6

Directed Awareness

Answer 6

From Perls, the technique emphasizing increasing the client’s
awareness of psychological needs, feelings, and physical
processes. Awareness in and of itself is therapeutic.

Question 7

Health Belief Model

Answer 7

Health s are influenced by: 1. Readiness to take action =
perceived susceptibility to the illness & perceived severity of
the consequences; 2. Evaluation of costs and benefits of
making a response; 3. Internal & external cues to action that
trigger response

Question 8

Double-Bind Communication

Answer 8

Communication characterized by contradictory aspects of the
same message; e.g., a contradiction between verbal
communication and body language.

Question 9

What is the most effective way for the police to deal with

domestic violence?

Answer 9

Arresting the perpetrator results in the lowest rate of

recidivism

Question 10

4 stages of Homosexual Identity Development Model

Troiden

Answer 10

4 Stages: 1. Sensitization 2. Identity Confusion 3. Identity

Assumption 4. Identity Commitment

Question 11

Relationship of psychology to cancer onset and recovery

Answer 11

Unrelated to onset but positively related to recovery and

quality of life

Question 12

Effects of Psychotherapy Stages (Howard et al)

Answer 12

1. Remoralization 2. Remediation 3. Rehabilitation

Question 13

Dose Dependent Effect (Howard et al)

Answer 13

26 sessions = 75% show improvement 52 sessions = 85%

Question 14

Stages of change

Answer 14

1.) Precontemplation - no change considered; 2.)
Contemplation - aware of need but not committed; 3.)
Preparation - clear intent to take action; 4.) Action
Maintenance

Question 15

CBT approach to panic disorder

Answer 15

Identifying and modifying interpretation of attacks and

associated physical symptoms

Question 16

Relationship between therapy and outcome

Answer 16

Moderate overall, but stronger when the symptoms are

severe

Question 17

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms)

Answer 17

6 Stages: 1. Contact 2. Disintegration 3. Reintegration 4.

Pseudo-independence 5. Immersion-Emersion 6. Autonomy

Question 18

Sexual Prejudice & Heterosexism (Herek)

Answer 18

Sexual Prejudice = Homophobia (broader) Heterosexism =

degrades any nonheterosexual behavior

Question 19

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 19

Sometimes referred to as the “third force,” humanistic
schools of psychology emphasize the individual’s inherent
capacity for growth, creativity, and self-actualization. The
focus is usually on the person’s here-and-now state.

Question 20

Parallel Process

Answer 20

Parallel process is a phenomenon in clinical supervision
where the therapist in training behaves toward the
supervising therapist in ways that mirror how the client is
behaving toward the therapist in training.

Question 21

Use: CPI (California Psychological Inventory)

Answer 21

Broad personality test for non-pathologic individuals

Question 22

reaction formation

Answer 22

Defense in which an anxiety provoking impulse is replaced
by its opposite. Ex: hatred by oversolicitude. Typical of
obsessive disorders

Question 23

In the symmetrical pattern of communication…

Answer 23

there is equality between the two parties (which can result in
competition and conflict)

Question 24

Existential Therapy

Answer 24

Struggle between individual and “ultimate concerns” of
existence (death, meaninglessness, etc.) Two types of
anxiety: normal (existential) anxiety and neurotic anxiety

Question 25

Primary Prevention

Answer 25

Interventions, usually on a community-wide scale, aimed at

preventing disorders by reducing the incidence of new cases

Question 26

Projection

Answer 26

Defense attributing unacceptable wishes to another. Includes
prejudice and hypervigilance: the other person carries the
guilt

Question 27

In the complimentary pattern of communication…

Answer 27

there is inequality between the partners, with one assuming

the dominant role

Question 28

Fixation

Answer 28

Defense: Return to an earlier stage of development under

stress

Question 29

projective identification

Answer 29

Defense: projection of unwanted aspects of self onto another

creating a sense of oneness

Question 30

Transactional Analysis: Who, What, How

Answer 30

WHO = Eric Berne. WHAT = Ego States: child, parent,
adult. Interactions (transactions) are primarily between ego
states. Strokes: positive or negative recognition from others.
Scripts: person’s life plan, characteristic pattern of giving and
receiving strokes. 4 Life Positions: 1) I’m OK - You’re OK;
2) I’m OK - You’re not OK, etc. All children begin in 1st life
position, then modified by parenting. Transactions:
Complementary, Crossed (adult:child), Ulterior (dual
message) Games: Ulterior transactions (“Now I’ve Got You,
You SOB”). HOW = Alter maladaptive life positions and life
scripts and integrate three ego states.

Question 31

According to psychotherapy outcome research, what
percentage of therapy clients shows measurable
improvement?

Answer 31

75%

Question 32

The incidence of OCD is: A.) The same for males and
females across all ages. B.) About twice as common in males
than females. C.) Higher among boys but about equal among
adult males and females. D.) Higher among girls but about
equal among adult males and females.

Answer 32

C: Males: peak onset is between ages 6-15 Females: peak

onset is between 20-29.

Question 33

A man is referred for psychotherapy by his physician after
ruling out sleep apnea and other medical conditions. The
patient reports having vivid frightening dreams, restless
sleep, chronic fatigue, and a history of alcohol abuse. His
diagnosis is likely: A.) Narcolepsy, B.) Insomnia, C.)
Alcohol-induced sleep disorder, D.) Persistent
alcohol-induced sleep disorder

Answer 33

C: Sleep can be disturbed as a result of both alcohol
intoxification and alcohol withdrawal. Initially, alcohol
produces a sedative effect with increased sleepiness.
However, after 3-4 hours of sleep, there is an increase in
wakefulness, restless sleep, and REM, often accompanied by
a vivid anxiety-laden dream for the remainder of the sleep
period. Primary insomnia is not due to the direct effects of a
substance and is not typically associated with vivid
frightening dreams. Choice D is not a DSM-IV diagnosis.

Question 34

Although considered to be an effective treatment for severe
and treatment-resistant depression, ECT often produces
adverse side effects including: A.) temporary retrograde
amnesia B.) permanent retrograde amnesia C.) patchy
anterograde amnesia D.) patchy anterograde amnesia and
temporary retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

D: the anterograde amnesia can last up to 6 months and the
retrograde amnesia is usually limited to the events that
occurred several months prior to the ECT.

Question 35

Research on Asians show the best predictor of higher

achievement is:

Answer 35

fear of failure

Question 36

What do most psychotherapists report as the primary source

of stress from their work?

Answer 36

lack of therapeutic success

Question 37

According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development,
individuals who reach stage 5 base their moral judgments on:
A.) Empathy, B.) Autonomous morality, C.) Democratic
laws, D.) Universal ethical principles

Answer 37

C: Stage 5 begins the post-conventional level of moral devt.
A person in this stage seeks to uphold
democratically-determined laws, but recognizes that laws
can be ignored or changed for a valid reason. Choice D is
more characteristic of Stage 6 in Kohlberg’s model in which
morality transcends legal standards. Choice B (Autonomous
morality) is used by Piaget denoting the stage when children
recognize that rules are determined by agreement and are
alterable.

Question 38

Kernberg’s account of BPD

Answer 38

Results from failure to develop appropriate introjects as a
result of parental psychopathology or abuse. Characterized
by splitting, aggression and unstable self-image

Question 39

Types of Self-Control Techniques

Answer 39

1.) Self-Monitoring = (minor and short-term effects) & 2.)
Stimulus Control = modifying existing S-R relationship, or
creating a new one; examples: narrowing, cue strengthening,
competing responses. Most useful when implemented at the
beginning of a response chain.

Question 40

Research shows that new immigrants to the US are most
likely to experience symptoms of psychiatric disorders at
what point:

Answer 40

About one or two years after they arrive in the US (related to
the “social displacement syndrome”)

Question 41

Symmetrical vs. Complimentary Communication

Answer 41

Communication patterns can be characterized as either
symmetrical or complimentary. In symmetrical
communication there is equality between the partners,
however, this can result in competition and conflict. In the
complimentary communication pattern there is inequality,
with one partner taking a dominant role and the other a
subordinate role.

Question 42

What are the 3 factors involved in Hypnotherapy?

Answer 42

Three factors involved: 1) absorption, 2) dissociation, 3)
suggestibility. Individuals have greater confidence in
memories retrieved under hypnosis, but memories are likely
to be distorted. Used for: dissociative disorders, PTSD, habit
or self control disorders (smoking, overeating, substance
use), phobias, and generalized anxiety. Contraindicated for:
psychotic disorders, paranoid and suspicious patients, OCD
traits. Also, severely depressed and manic patients are hard
to hypnotize. Few studies comparing with other treatments.

Question 43

When is Biofeedback most successful?

Answer 43

Used for psychophysiological disorders (e.g., hypertension,
headaches, ulcers). For many problems, not much more
effective than relaxation training. However, it’s the treatment
of choice for fecal incontinence and Raynaud’s disease. EMG
biofeedback for tension headaches. Skin Temperature
biofeedback for migraines.

Question 44

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 44

Elimination or amelioration of the residual disability after

the onset of the illness.

Question 45

CBT techniques: Paradoxical Intention

Answer 45

Instructing clients to do or wish for the things they fear.
Prescribing the symptom. Purpose is to circumvent
anticipatory anxiety. Most commonly used to treat insomnia.
Results are mixed.

Question 46

Therapy Outcome Studies

Answer 46

Research on the differences among various treatments for
specific disorders, and the interactive variables which predict
therapy success, such as the necessity for a working alliance,
therapist variables, patient variables, and the patient-therapy
interaction.

Question 47

Weitz found in his research on therapy outcomes for children

& adolescents:

Answer 47

therapy is more beneficial for adolescents than children,

especially among girls

Question 48

During an initial session with an adult client, you realize that
you are already treating her mother. The primary problem
with continuing to see this new client has to do with: A.)
Confidentiality, B.) Multiple relationships, C.) Conflict of
interest, D.) Countertransference

Answer 48

C: Conflict of interest. Multiple relationships refers to having
more than one type of relationship with the same person, for
example, if a psychologist were to see one of his current
students in psychotherapy.

Question 49

Stages in Prochaska and DeClemente’s Transtheoretical

Model of Change

Answer 49

1) Precontemplation: little insight of need for change 2)
Contemplation: considering change (in the next 6 months)
but not committed to it. 3) Preparation: clear intent to take
action within the next month; may have begun taking small
steps. 4) Action: considerable time and energy devoted to
change; obvious to others 5) Maintenance: change has lasted
6 months, person consolidating change and taking steps to
prevent relapse. May last as long as a lifetime.

Question 50

A couple comes to therapy complaining that all their
conversations end in arguments. This is characteristic of
which pattern of communication? Symmetrical
Complimentary Pseudohostility Mystification

Answer 50

A: Symmetrical. Communication patterns can be
characterized as either symmetrical or complimentary. In
symmetrical comm. there is equality between the partners,
however, this can result in competition and conflict. In
complimentary comm. there is inequality and one partner
takes the dominant role and the other a subordinate role.
Pseudohostility presents as superficial bickering in order to
avoid real conflicts. In mystification, the person uses denial
to mask what is really going on.

Question 51

Biofeedback exerts its relaxing effect on which system?

Answer 51

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 52

Goal: Bowen’s extended systems therapy

Answer 52

Differentiation of self

Question 53

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 53

Miller and Rollnick Based on Prochaska and DeClemente’s
Transtheoretical Model of Change Goal: help individuals
move from precontemplation stage through contemplation,
toward commitment to change. Five basic principles: express
empathy, develop discrepancy, avoid argumentation and
direct confrontation, roll with resistance, and support
self-efficacy for change.

Question 54

A candidate for the psychology licensing exam wants to
maximize his long-term memory of all the study materials.
The most effective strategy would be to use: A.) Spaced
Practice, B.) Massed Practice, C.) Elaborative Rehearsal, D.)
Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 54

C: Elaborative rehearsal, in which a person thinks about the
meaning of new information and its relation to information
already in memory, resulting in deeper learning and is
considered superior to all forms of mindless repetition.
Spaced practice is also generally more effective than massed
practice.

Question 55

A high school student, interested in an acting career, is afraid
of disappointing his father who always wanted his son to
follow in his footsteps by becoming a doctor. After little
deliberation, the young man announces to his family that he
will become a doctor. According to Marcia, his decision is
an example of: A.) Identity diffusion, B.) Identity
foreclosure, C.) Identity moratorium, D.) Identity placation

Answer 55

B: Identity foreclosure: a commitment to an identity that is
not a result of an identity crisis, but rather, the suggestions of
a parent or another person is called identity foreclosure.
Identity diffusion describes young people who have not
undergone an identity crisis nor have committed to an
identity. Identity moratorium occurs when a person is
confused, having an identity crisis, and actively exploring
different options.

Question 56

From a humanistic perspective, pathology is due to:

Answer 56

defenses that interfere with one’s natural tendency toward

personal growth

Question 57

Research on therapists who became sexually involved with

their clients showed that:

Answer 57

The therapist violated other boundaries before the sexual

involvement began.

Question 58

A shortcoming of most curriculum-based suicide prevention
programs for adolescents is that: A.) They are based on a
stress model of suicide. B.) They are based on a mental
illness model of suicide. C.) They tend to stigmatize suicide.
D.) They minimize the extent of the problem.

Answer 58

A: Most curriculum-based suicide programs for adolescents
tend try to reduce the stigmatization of suicide by attributing
it to stressful life events rather than (more correctly) to
mental illness.

Question 59

Locke and Latham’s goal-setting theory focuses primarily on:
A.) Ability and effort, B.) Perceived effort and performance,
C.) Expectations and effort, D.) Intentions and effort

Answer 59

D: Intentions and effort: goal-setting theory proposes that
when people accept goals, they intend to achieve them and,
therefore, are willing to put forth effort to do so.

Question 60

Multiple aptitude batteries such as the DAT & GATB assess:

Answer 60

skills, abilities, or aptitudes, and allows a counselor to help a
client choose an educational or vocational course of action

Question 61

Research using a “dismantling” strategy suggests that the
most critical component of systematic desensitization is: A.)
Counter-conditioning, B.) Gradual exposure, C.) Classical
extinction, D.) Operant extinction

Answer 61

C: Classical extinction: repeated exposure to the CS without
the presence of the US is responsible for systematic
desensitization’s positive effects.

Question 62

Deficits on the Stroop test indicate

Answer 62

Loss of rsponse inhibition following frontal lobe damage

Question 63

Stages of crisis intervention

Answer 63

1.) Formulation: crisis identification, 2.) Implementation:
assessment of prior life, setting of short term goals, and
implementation of goals, & 3.) Termination: progress
assessment, discussion of termination, and beyond

Question 64

How was the MMPI developed?

Answer 64

empirical criterion keying: retention of items differentiating
psychiatric from non-psychiatric populations

Question 65

Research suggests that __________is the single best

treatment for Agoraphobia.

Answer 65

In-vivo flooding: exposing an individual to
anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing an avoidance
response.

Question 66

Therapies for the elderly

Answer 66

1.) Validation therapy: acknowledges feelings whether or not
they are reality-based; 2.) Reminiscence Therapy: reviewing
important life events with client; 3.) Reality Orientation:
reversing/preventing cognitive impairments & maximizing
remaining capabilities

Question 67

Thermal biofeedback for migraine headaches is mediated by
the _____________nervous system. Biofeedback to induce
relaxation is mediated by the ______________nervous
system.

Answer 67

Thermal biofeedback for migraine headaches is mediated by
the sympathetic nervous system. Biofeedback to induce
relaxation is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous
system.

Question 68

Research comparing patients with schizophrenia from
non-Western developing countries to those from Western
industrialized countries has found that they differ in terms of:
A.) Symptoms, B.) Age and gender, C.) Gender and
prognosis, D.) Course and outcome

Answer 68

D: Course and outcome: patients from developing countries
more often exhibit acute onset of sx, shorter clinical course,
and a complete remission of sx. No differences were found
in regards to age, gender, or type of sx.

Question 69

What is parallel process?

Answer 69

A phenomenon in clinical supervision where the therapist in
training behaves toward the supervising therapist in ways
that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist in
training.

Question 70

Cognex & Aricept are used to treat Alzheimer’s by:

Answer 70

increasing ACh levels

Question 71

Which is more pronounced in aggressive children in regards

to social interactions: the primacy or recency effect?

Answer 71

Recency effect: aggressive children are likely to focus on
cues that occur at the end of the social interaction than the
beginning.

Question 72

A therapist is most likely to exert _________ type of power

over a client.

Answer 72

Referent: based on the person’s attraction to or desire to be
like the holder of power. (Expert power is another good
answer)

Question 73

Individuals who retrieve memories under hypnosis,

compared to non-hypnotized individuals:

Answer 73

Tend to have more confidence in their memories, but be less

accurate in recalling memories

Question 74

Reciprocity hypothesis:

Answer 74

people tend to like others who like them

Question 75

Matching hypothesis

Answer 75

Proposes that people of approximately equal physical

attractiveness are likely to select each other

Question 76

In psychotherapy outcome research, factors that appear most

responsible for lack of improvement are:

Answer 76

Client factors

Question 77

The police inform you that they have a warrant out on one of
your clients who is suspected of several felony charges of
grand theft auto. They want you to provide them with the
client’s address and phone number. You should

Answer 77

Refuse to provide them with info and notify your client since
there is no indication that your client is in imminent danger
to self or others. However, you should notify the client of
this info and discuss the option of turning himself in to the
police.

Question 78

A quiet, lonely, introverted, overly sensitive teenager with
few friends is at high risk for suicide, with this risk
increasing when these characteristics are combined with: A.)
Physical health problems, B.) Phobic anxiety, C.) Antisocial
behavior, D.) Academic underachievement

Answer 78

C: suicide risk is increased in adolescents who are depressed,
hostile, aggressive, or exhibit other antisocial behaviors,
and/or substance abuse.

Question 79

Stages of the minority development model (MID)

Answer 79

1.) Conformity, 2.) Dissonance, 3.) Resistance and
immersion, 4.) Introspection, & 5.) Synergistic articulation
and awareness

Question 80

Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model

Answer 80

1.) Contact: lack of; 2.) Disintegration: confusing racial
awareness; 3.) Reintegration: prejudice; 4.)
Pseudo-independence: thoughtful revisiting of prejudice; 5.)
Immersion-emersion: separate and equal, racially proud but
not racist; 6.) Autonomy: integration; non-racist identity;
seek interaction. Model designed to help therapists
understand inter-racial tensions

Question 81

Masters and Johnson found that their version of sex therapy,
which incorporates education about sexuality, training in
communication skills, and the technique known as sensate
focus, is most effective for treating: A.) Premature
ejaculation, B.) Impotence, C.) Sexual aversion, D.)
Orgasmic disorder

Answer 81

A: Premature ejaculation

Question 82

Considerations in treating Hispanic clients

Answer 82

Prefer an active goal-orientation. Stress personal contact and
attention. Consider family

Question 83

Considerations in treating Native American clients

Answer 83

Importance of tribe and family. Approach: non-directive,
history-oriented, accepting, cooperative. Goals: happiness,
wisdom, peace with nature. Therapist attitude: reserved,
open, accepting, listening

Question 84

Considerations in treating Asian clients

Answer 84

Approach: direct, structured, short-term; address problem as

academic or vocational. Education about therapy process

Question 85

What is the method of loci?

Answer 85

A mnemonic device where you visualize names or objects to

be remembered in familiar locations

Question 86

MMPI 1990 revision

Answer 86

Updated norms Addition of new content scales Change of

cutoff from 70 to 65 Clinical scales unchanged

Question 87

Research comparing the relationship between age and
therapy outcome has produced mixed results. However, in
their most recent meta-analysis, Weisz and his colleagues
found:

Answer 87

Therapy is more beneficial for adolescents than children,
especially among girls and when the counselor is a
professional or student (not a paraprofessional).

Question 88

From the perspective of Bandura’s social learning theory,

“functional value” refers to:

Answer 88

Anticipated consequences

Question 89

According to Theodore Millan, people with Narcissistic
Personality Disorder rely primarily on which of the defense
mechanisms?

Answer 89

When narcisstic people experience personal failure and
public humiliation, they first rely on: REPRESSION and if
that doesn’t work: RATIONALIZATION PROJECTION

Question 90

In implosive therapy, a client is: A: Gradually exposed,
though the imagination, to a feared stimulus, one step at a
time. B: Immediately exposed, through the imagination, to a
feared stimulus at its maximum intensity. C: Gradually
exposed, in vivo, to a feared stimulus, one step at a time. D:
Immediately exposed, in vivo, to a feared stimulus at its
maximum intensity.

Answer 90

B

Question 91

Regarding the relationship between bipolar disorder and
environmental factors, environmental factors are likely to
have a ________ impact during the early stages of the
disorder.

Answer 91

Greater

Question 92

Desc: SCL-90

Answer 92

Symptom CheckList is a self report measure of general
psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety,
somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness and hostility
Question rated on a scale of 1-5

Question 93

Risk factors for adolescent suicide

Answer 93

Depression, use of drugs and alcohol, anti-social behavior

Question 94

semantic paralexia

Answer 94

Dyslexic reading error in which the child responds with
something semantically similar to the stimulus (eg dog in
response to cat)

Question 95

According to research on sex-role determinants, the
characteristic that is most related to genetics as opposed to
socialization is: A.) Sociability, B.) Dependency, C.)
Aggression, D.) Anxiety

Answer 95

C

Question 96

state dependence

Answer 96

Memory is maximized if we are in the same emotional state

during learning and recall

Question 97

Self instruction is most useful for:

Answer 97

Hyperactive/impulsive children (form of CBT which
encourages focusing on their self statements & altering their
self-defeating statements)

Question 98

Based on Schachter’s work, one would treat a client with
obesity by: A.) Manipulating the external cues. B.) Changing
the client’s self-attributions. C.) Changing the social
reinforcers for food consumption. D.) Manipulating the
internal cues.

Answer 98

A

Question 99

Individuals with antisocial personality are most influenced

by:

Answer 99

Money

Question 100

Treatment of choice for agoraphobia

Answer 100

Flooding, with 75% long term improvement

Question 101

Projective Identification

Answer 101

Projecting feelings onto objects and then identifying with the
object

Question 102

Afro-American use of mental health services

Answer 102

For solving practical rather than emotional problems

Question 103

In brief psychodynamic therapy, positive transference is

Answer 103

useful for maximizing a client’s motivation, thus important to
establish

Question 104

Techniques to use in counseling Mexican-Americans

Answer 104

Using a high-context communication style (relying on
non-verbal comm., and shared meanings), relying on inner
externalizations of problems, using metaphors & humor,
using compliments

Question 105

According to Nancy Chodorow:

Answer 105

Girls are taught to remain attached to their mothers, while
boys are taught to differentiate. Child rearing must be shared
by parents

Question 106

Hypnosis involves which 3 factors?

Answer 106

Absorption Dissociation Suggestibility

Question 107

Efficacy of psychotherapy for children and adolescents

compared to adults

Answer 107

Similar

Question 108

Characterize Skinner’s theoryx

Answer 108

Focus is on environmental contingencies. Did not feel innate

urges were very important.

Question 109

What is responsible for keeping people in long-term

relationships?

Answer 109

Similarity hypothesis

Question 110

self control

Answer 110

Repeating affirmative statements to yourself. Effective in

treating children afraid of the dark.

Question 111

Concepts in Transactional Analysis

Answer 111

1.) Ego States - (child, parent & adult); 2.) Strokes -
recognition from others; 3.) Scripts - persons life plan; 4.)
Life Position - One of 4 (I’m OK, you’re OK)

Question 112

Goal of Transactional Analysis

Answer 112

Alter maladaptive life positions and life scripts, and integrate
the 3 ego states

Question 113

Double-Bind Communication

Answer 113

Refers to the conflict created when a person receives two
conflicting messages at different levels (I love you, while
being pushed off lap)

Question 114

Metacommunication

Answer 114

the “command” level of communication (the implicit

non-verbal message)

Question 115

Stages of Crisis Intervention

Answer 115

1) Formulation - identifying the crisis & persons reaction; 2)
Implementation - assessment, setting tx goals, techniques; 3)
Termination - progress achieved is assessed

Question 116

Validity Scales on the MMPI

Answer 116

L = Lie (defensive, endorsing socially-approved item) K =
Correction (high = defensive, low = low self-image) F =
Infrequency (intentionally looking bad)

Question 117

Howard’s Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness

Answer 117

1.) Remoralization = first few sessions, gives client hope; 2.)
Remediation = 16 sessions, provides symptom relief; 3.)
Rehabilitation = gradual improvement in overall functioning

Question 118

Therapy with African-Americans

Answer 118

Should be problem-oriented & time limited. Multi-systems,
ecostructural

Question 119

Therapy with Hispanics

Answer 119

Patriarchal families, rigid sex roles. Prefer approach with
personal contact & attention. Use active, goal-oriented
approach

Question 120

Therapy with Asian-Americans

Answer 120

Direct, structured, short-term approach. Place problem

within work/school context.

Question 121

Therapy with Native-Americans

Answer 121

Non-directive, history-oriented, accepting, cooperative

approach

Question 122

According to RET, irrational beliefs are acquired through:

Answer 122

Natural, biological tendencies