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EPPP by Subject Area > Life Span and Development > Flashcards

Life Span and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of chromosomes

A

To carry hereditary traits children inherit from their parents

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are there

A

There are 46 total chromosomes
23 from the mother’s ovum
23 from the father’s sperm

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3
Q

What is a genotype

A

An individual’s complete genetic makeup, including traits in

recessive genes

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4
Q

What is a phenotype

A

An individual’s expressed characteristics (green eyes, red

hair)

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5
Q

What are carriers

A

Traits that are in our genotype but unexpressed as a

phenotype

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6
Q

What is a dominant-recessive trait

A

One gene pair is dominant and controls the trait.
The recessive gene is in the genotype but not part of the
phenotype

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7
Q

What are polygenic traits

A

Produced by interaction of many traits

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8
Q

What 2 things must happen to have a trait become a

Phenotype

A

2 levels of interaction must occur
1 Gene-Gene Interaction
2 Gene-Environment interaction

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9
Q

In a dominant-recessive pattern, what controls the trait

A

One gene pair is dominant and controls the trait

Recessive gene is in genotype, not part of phenotype

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10
Q

An example of dominant-recessive pattern is

A

Brown eyed father
Blue eyed mother (brown eye gene)
Hypothetically, 1 in 4 chance child will have blue eyes
3 in 4 chance children will have brown

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11
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The phenotype is not completely controlled by the gene.

The gene does not completely control the trait

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12
Q

Where are X-linked genes located

A

On the X chromosomes

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13
Q

Where would a disease that is X linked be obtained from

A

The mother

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14
Q

Monozygotic twins occur when

A

One zygote splits and forms two identical clusters. Also

known as identical twins with identical genes

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15
Q

Dizygotic twins occur when

A

Two ova are fertilized by two separate sperm around the

same period

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16
Q

How often do Monozygotic births occur

A

About 1 in every 270 pregnancies

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17
Q

How often do Dizygotic births occur

A

About 1 in every 60 births

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18
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities are

A

When a baby is born with an abnormal number of

chromosomes 45, 47 or more. Occurs in 1 out of 200 births

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19
Q

Characteristics of Down syndrome

A

Involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Has characteristics such as thick tongue, round face, slanted
eyes, short limbs, also slow to develop

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20
Q

Down syndrome

A

Is also known as trisomy 21. It is the most common
chromosomal abnormality
Involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Characteristics: thick tongue, round face, slanted eyes, short
limbs, slow to develop

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21
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A 
Involves abnormal ingestion of protein.
Occurs in 1 out 500 births, 1 in 100 European Americans
mainly of Norwegian decent
It is caused by a recessive gene
Can be prevented through diet
Can be prenatally detected
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22
Q

Kleinfelter syndrome

A

Sufferers have an XXY chromosomal pattern
The individual has a seemingly male appearance, secondary
sex characteristics are not present

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23
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Involves part of the X chromosome attached thinly, ready to
break off.
Caused by mutated gene that contains A DNA sequence
CGG that is repeated 200 times, nl is 30

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24
Q

What are the domains of development

A

The biosocial domain includes brain, body changes and
influences that guide them
Cognitive, includes thought process, perceptual abilities,
language mastery
Psychosocial, includes personality, emotions, interpersonal
ie., family, friends

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25
Q

Bronfenbrenner

A

Focus on external factors, proposed that ecological approach
was best.
Devised ecological model that surround the individual

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26
Q

Ecological model parts

A

Macrosystem-Cultural values, customs, social conditions,
Exosystem-Mass media, community, schools
Microsystem-Family, peers, classroom
Mesosystem LINK between each

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27
Q

Cohort

A

Group of people born within a few years of each other.

Have same options, priorities and constraints

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28
Q

Hereditary-Environment Debate

A

Also called maturation-learning debate
Focusses on answering how much of any pattern or trait is
determined by genetic factors and by environmental
influences

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29
Q

Nature

A

Includes range of abilities, limitations and traits ie., eye
color, blood type, inherited disease.
Also intellectual, personality traits as skills with numbers,
sociability, depression

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30
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental influences that happen after conception, ie.,
mother’s health during pregnancy, all experiences ie., culture,
community, family, school

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31
Q

Scientific method

A 
1 Formulate research question
2 Develop hypothesis
3 Test hypothesis
4 Drawn conclusions
5 Make findings known
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32
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

When subjects are watched in their natural environment, ie.,

home, school

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33
Q

laboratory observation

A

Act of watching and recording what people do in certain

situations

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34
Q

Independent variables

A

Controlled by the scientist, values to be used are determined
prior to experiment

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35
Q

Variables

A

Major part of experiments, have at least 2 values and can

refer to qualities, conditions, behaviors, traits or events

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36
Q

Experimental and Control group

A

The group exposed to the treatment or condition =
Experimental
Control = Not exposed

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37
Q

The scientist controls what type of variable

A

Independent

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38
Q

An experimental research considers what causes

A

Psychological experiences
Behavioral changes
Physiological processes

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39
Q

To discover the reasons people change and the reason they
stay the same, developmental research is conducted utilizing
what two research designs

A

Cross-sectional research

Longitudinal research

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40
Q

Cross sectional research is

A

A research that works with groups of subjects of different

ages but who are similar

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41
Q

Longitudinal research is

A

When the same group is observed for a certain length of time

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42
Q

Sequential research is

A

The use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods
together - Also called Cross-sequential, sequential,
time-sequential

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43
Q

Two of the most prominent aspects of ethics in research are

A

Informed consent-Scientist must explain

Privacy-Information from subject must be kept confidential

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44
Q

Deception is

A

Used to decrease subject bias, meaning the subject is not told
they are being studied or not given the real reason for the
study

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45
Q

Ethology is defined

A

As the study of the natural unfolding of animal behavior

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46
Q

Who was Bowlby

A

A human ethology researcher, who considered attachment
behavior - Loss of proximity to the object of attachment
produces anxiety (ex: mother-infant attachment)

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47
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory

A

Considers human development in terms of intrinsic drives

and motives

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48
Q

Who were Vaillant and Levinson

A

Psychoanalytic theorists who believed human intrinsic drives
and motives to be the basis for universal stages of
development

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49
Q

Vaillant studied

A

Pessimistic explanatory styles of depressed people and came
to the conclusion that these people blame unpleasant events
to something of themselves

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50
Q

Freud was

A

Founder of psychoanalysis

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51
Q

According to Freud, the mind is separated by 3 levels which

are

A

Conscious - Mental experiences that can be recalled
Preconscious - Memories and perceptions can be recalled at
will
Unconscious - Bottom layer of feelings and memories cannot
be recalled at will

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52
Q

The 3 structures of personality as defined by Freud are

A

The Id - Symbol of unconscious, contains inherent biological
drives
The Ego - Focuses on reality principle, guides individuals to
express sexual, aggressive impulses
The Superego - Contains the conscious, gives individuals
extreme feelings of guilt

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53
Q

Psychosexual stages defined by Freud

A

0-1 ORAL - weaning single most important behavior
1-3 ANAL - toilet training
3-6 PHALLIC - pleasure from genitalia
7-11 LATENCY - friendship and social skills
12-Adult GENITAL - focus of pleasurable feelings

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54
Q

Erickson viewed unconscious and early childhood as

important, his focus was

A

Psychosocial development

Proposed 8 developmental stages

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55
Q

The 8 Stages of Erickson

A 
0-1 Trust-Mistrust
2-3 Autonomy-Shame + doubt
4-5 Initiative-Guilt
6-11 Industry-Inferiority
12-18 Identity-Role confusion
Young Adult Intimacy-Isolation
Middle Adult Generativity-Stagnation
Late Adult Integrity-Despair
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56
Q

Watson studied

A

Behaviorism - Declared that to make psychology a true
science, the things that could be seen and measured should
be studied

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57
Q

Pavlov was known for

A

Classical conditioning
His experiment involved a dog, a bell and food
Concluded that if bell sounded before hungry dog given
food, dog would salivate at sound of bell
Food=Unconditional stimulus
Salivation=Unconditioned response
Bell=Conditioned stimulus
Complete Process was termed classical conditioning (aka
respondent conditioning)

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58
Q

Skinner

A

Most influential supporter of learning theory,

Father of operant conditioning

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59
Q

Types of Reinforcement

A

Positive-Presence of an event that increases behavior
Negative-Strengthens a behavior by the negation of an
unpleasant event

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60
Q

Punishment

A

An event that decreased the likelihood of a response

happening again

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61
Q

Positive reinforcement example

A

Train a dog to retrieve newspapers and giving it with a

reward once object is returned

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62
Q

Negative reinforcement

example

A

Carrying an umbrella when you know it is going to rain

therefore avoiding getting wet

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63
Q

Thorndike

A

Law of effect, animals repeat responses but not punished

responses

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64
Q

Bandura

A

Most influential researcher for the alternative theory to
operant conditioning-social learning theory.
Individuals can demonstrate learned responses from
observing others

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65
Q

Maslow

A 
5 tiered hierarchy of needs
Physio
Safety
Belonging & love needs
Esteem
Self actualization
First 4 are deficiency needs
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66
Q

Case & Bruner (Infants & young children)

Piaget (Cognitive dvlp theory)

A

Infant-Sensorimotor (senses, motor)
2-Preoperational-Think symbolically
School age-Concrete operational-Think logically
Adolescent & Adult-Formal operational-Think on many
planes, hypothetically, abstractly, speculative
Postformal-5th stage-allows adults to solve real world
problems

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67
Q

Vygotsky

A

More value than Piaget on influence of social experience on
cog dvlp
Language single most important means of learning
Proposed ZPD (Zone of proximal development) range of
skills that can be used without assistance versus what can be
obtained with help

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68
Q

Brofenbrenner

A 
Ecological approach best solution to studying human
development.
Remember
Macrosystem-Cultural values
Exosystem-Media
Microsystem-Family
Mesosystem-Link between each
Microsystem
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69
Q

reflexive behavior

A

Coughing, blinking, seeking a nipple when cheeks are

touched

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70
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells of the CNS present at birth

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71
Q

Axons

A

Nerve fibers that transmit impulses from neurons to

dendrites

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72
Q

Dendrites

A

Nerve fibers that interconnect neurons and receive impulses

transmitted from one neuron to another via their axons

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73
Q

Physiological states

A

Refers to levels of physiological arousal

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74
Q

Quiet sleep

A

When breathing is slow and regular

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75
Q

Active sleep

A

When facial muscles move and breathing is somewhat

irregular with some rapid breathing

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76
Q

Alert wakefulness

A

When breathing is regular and the infant’s eyes are bright

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77
Q

Gross motor and fine motor skills

A

Gross =large body movements

Fine = Small body movements

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78
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary responses to particular stimuli

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79
Q

Three sets of reflexes necessary for life

A

Breathing
Sucking
Rooting

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80
Q

Other reflexes important to development not for survival

A

Moro-Flings arms out and back
Babinkski-Big toe will turn inward when feet stroked
Plantar-Toe flex (6 weeks of age)
Stepping-Like walking (3-6 wks)

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81
Q

Stimulus to the sensory system causes

A

Sensation response ie, hearing

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82
Q

Perception

A

Mental processing of sensory information ie, brain trying to
make sense of sensation
Perception=Putting it all together

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83
Q

Eyesight

A

Least developed sense at birth

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84
Q

Binocular vision

A

Both eyes focus on same thing

About 14 wks

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85
Q

Newborn weight doubles within first few months of dvlp

A

Requires feeding 3-4 hrs around clock

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86
Q

Breast milk contains

A

More iron and Vit A and C than cow’s milk
Contains antibodies against some diseases
Hormones to regulate certain functions

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87
Q

Marasamus

A

Infant does not get necessary nourishment needed to sustain

life

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88
Q

Kwashiokor

A

Lack of protein, characterized by bloating in face, legs and

abdomen

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89
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Cognitive development which begins in infancy

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90
Q

Babbling

A

Universal among infants regardless of culture

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91
Q

Motherese

A

High pitched baby talk with a simplified vocabulary, shorter

sentences and low to high fluctuations

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92
Q

Schema

A

Piaged used the term to explain a mental model that an infant
forms to help make sense of the characteristics of people

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93
Q

Assimilation

A

Fitting information into a infant’s current schema

94
Q

Accomodation

A

Revising infant’s schema to fit new information

95
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that objects exist even though they may be no
longer in view
Ex: Baby will understand that when mom goes out into
another room that she will eventually come back

96
Q

Intermodal perception

A

Using more than 1 sense

97
Q

Cross-modal perception

A

The ability to use information from one sensory modality to

imagine something in another

98
Q

Language mastering

A

Usually occurs at 4 to 5 years.
Babbling=phonemes
1st year 1 word
20 months = 20 words

99
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Awareness that size and shape are always constant despite
changes in appearance due to location-occurs usually at 6
months

100
Q

Reversal

A

By 8th month, will demonstrate goal oriented behavior by
looking at an object taken out of view
Reversal, allows the babies to reverse the situation

101
Q

Underextend

A

Babies use words to refer to a narrow category of objects

102
Q

Overextend

A

When babies use a word to describe everything with similar
characteristics, ie dog may be used for everything with four
legs

103
Q

Self awareness

A

Occurs in late infancy, around 15 to 24 months

104
Q

Personality

A

Unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors

105
Q

Learning theory

A

Personality is learned, means that it is molded through

reinforcement by parents

106
Q

Temperament

A

Inherent part of a person which regulate how activity,

reactivity, emotionality and sociability are expressed

107
Q

Attachment

A

Seeking closeness to feel secure, usually the mother who
creates security and provides the needs for the baby to
explore his/her environment

108
Q

Strange situation study

A

Investigated attachments babies make at about 1 yr old
Securely attached-friendly to strangers
Insecurely attached avoidant-Baby did not notice when mom
in room, not upset when mom leaves
Insecurely attached resistant-baby remains close to mom
Insecurely attached disoriented-baby unsure how to behave
with mom

109
Q

Most common problem during preschool years in developed

countries

A

Iron deficiency
This is due to lack of meats, whole grains and dark leafy
green vegetables.
Anemia 3x more prevalent in poor

110
Q

Number one cause of childhood death

A 
Accidents
23% of accidental deaths
Poisoning
Choking
Drowning
111
Q

Brain development

A

90% of brain life size by age 6

112
Q

Egocentrism

A

Viewing the world from someone’s own perspective.
Preschoolers most affected
Usually overcomed by preoperational stage
Ex: child in group talking loud
Standing in front of someone not aware that their view is
blocked
Talking about family excluding self

113
Q

Three principles observed by preschoolers

A

Stable order-Numbers are said in a certain order
One-to-one-Each number is assigned only 1 number
Cardinal-The last number is the total

114
Q

Semiotic function

A

According to Piaget, a child develops the ability to use

words, gestures and signs

115
Q

Preoperational and symbolic thought according to Piaget

A

Symbolic thought involves the ability to use words, images,

and symbols to correspond to his or her surroundings

116
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

Students with support structure guide them have better

cognitive development

117
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

ZPD

A

The difference between what a child can do on his or her

own versus what can be obtained with help

118
Q

Language development-Grammar

A

Grammar is the structure, techniques and rules used for

communication.

119
Q

Headstart

A

Early childhood program which was started in 1965.
Program for low SES. Results were improved achievement
scores, junior high students less likely to repeat yr or go to
SPED

120
Q

Self concept

A

Is apparent throughout childhood

121
Q

Initiative and Autonomy according to Erikson

A

Going from autonomy vs shame to initiative vs guilt, a child
either develops initiative to do things on own, or feels guilty
when fails, or is criticized

122
Q

Gender identity and gender role according to Freud

A

Freud believed phallic stage occurs (3 & 7 yrs)
Oedipal complex-Boys for their mothers
Electra-Girls for their fathers

123
Q

Baumrind

A

parenting styles
Authoritarian-Strict, sets guidelines
Permissive-No demands, guidelines extremely flexible
Authoritative-Parents who run in the middle-Listen to
children’s requests, make compromises

124
Q

Sibling relationships

A

Longest and most intense due to both sex and age

Same sex, close age usually love-hate relationship

125
Q

Only child

A

More verbal, creative, may lack social skills. However will

develop social skills when involved with group

126
Q

Peers and play

A

Important aspect in developing social skills

127
Q

Unoccupied behavior

A

Observe but do not participate

128
Q

Solitary play

A

Play alone, no effort to interact with others

129
Q

Onlooker play

A

Observe, don’t participate but might make comments

130
Q

Parallel play

A

Play independently same toys are others nearby

131
Q

Associated play

A

Play in disorganized manner

132
Q

Cooperative play

A

Play with others in organized fashion

133
Q

Functional play

A

Simple repetitive motions with or without toys

134
Q

Constructive play

A

Use objects to create things

135
Q

Dramatic play

A

Use imaginary situations to play a game

136
Q

Play and lower SES children

A

Used more parallel and functional play than middle class

137
Q

Stability

A

Major determining factor in child’s ability to cope with

divorce or separation

138
Q

Impact of daycare

A

Social development
More self reliance
More cooperative with peers
More comfortable in new situations

139
Q

Avoidant responses

A

Fears that are connected to certain objects or stimuli lead to
avoidant responses

140
Q

Fears

A

Are unpredictable regardless of childhood

Are acquired through identification or observation

141
Q

Motor skills - Reaction time

A

Time needed for a person to respond to stimulus

142
Q

Autism

A

Named infantile autism
Two primary symptoms:
1. Extreme isolation 1st, 2nd yr of life
2. Obsessive insistence on preservation of samEness

143
Q

Dyslexia

A

Difficulty in mastering basic academic skills
No deficit in intelligence or deficit in sensory functions.
Disability in reading

144
Q

Dyscalcula

A

Unusual difficulty in math

145
Q

Mainstreaming

A

Putting children with special needs in with other normal

children. No segregation

146
Q

Inclusion

A

Children participate in a normal classroom with specialized

instruction from their teacher (trained in special ed)

147
Q

Meds for ADHD

A

Ritalin - Shorter acting
Conserta
Adderral

148
Q

Convergent and Divergent thinkers

A

Convergent-responding in expected ways
Divergent-thinking in unusual ways that could be
misconstrued

149
Q

Selective attention

A

Ability to concentrate on relevant information and ignore

distractions

150
Q

Memory storage strategies

A

Allow information to be stored for future use

151
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information to be remembered

152
Q

Reorganization

A

Regrouping of information to make it more memorable

153
Q

Concrete operational thought

A

According to Piaget, this is the most important achievement
in middle school
Stage marked by:
1. Recognition of logical stability of the real world
2. Objects can change, original characteristics stay the same
3. Changes can be reversed

154
Q

Sternberg 3 types of intelligence

A

Academic-measured through IQ
Creative-shown by imagination
Practical-shown in every day actions

155
Q

Howard Gardner 7 types of intelligence

A
  1. Linguistic-language
  2. Logical mathematical-analyze and solve
  3. Musical-compose, play music
  4. Spatial-perceive and arrange subjects in situation
  5. Social understanding-functions in social settings
  6. Self understanding-be self aware and independent
156
Q

Biggest influence on child’s self esteem

A

Peers

157
Q

Aggression & aggressive behavior

A

Whenever an individual is blocked from reaching a goal.
There is a biological basis for aggression
social learning theorists feel that aggression is learned by
observation or imitation

158
Q

Hormonal changes are initiated by

A

The hypothalamus

159
Q

Gonad releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Produced at onset of puberty to increase activity in gonads

160
Q

Growth hormone

A

Most important cause of the adolescent growth spurt.

Produced by pituitary

161
Q

Growth in height for females and males during puberty

A

Females 3.5 inches

Males 4 inches

162
Q

Gateway drugs

A 
Lead to other drug use or abuse
Those include:
Tobacco
Alcohol
Marijuana
163
Q

Sexual abuse

A

A time when someone engages in a sexual act without the

other person’s consent

164
Q

Childhood sexual abuse

A

Any erotic act that arouses an adult but excites, confuses, or
shames a child

165
Q

According to Elkind adolescent egocentrism

A

Leads young people to focus on themselves and no one else
Invicibly fable-teens imagine life as immortal
Personal fable-life is unique, heroic, mythical
Imaginary audience-creates a fantasy..believe people are
constantly thinking and evaluating their life

166
Q

Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral reasoning

A 
Respondents were asked to answer the question. "why
shouldn't you steal from a store
Level 1 Preconventional
Level 2 Conventional
Level 3 Postconventional
167
Q

Kohlberg’s 3 levels

A

Level 1 Preconventional-interest lies in getting rewarded not
punished
Stage 1 Unquestionable obedience
Stage 2 Taking care of one’s needs first
Level 2 Conventional-interest lies in special rules
Stage 3 Good girls and nice boys
Stage 4 Law and order
Level 3 Postconventional-interest in moral principles
Stage 5 Social contact
Stage 6 Universal ethical principles

168
Q

Gilligan’s belief

A

Females give more thought to social contexts of moral
choices and they focus on relationships.
Females have a morality of compassion and care and not a
morality of justice and judgment

169
Q

Marcia’s four identity statuses

A
  1. Achievement-a person is unique and has self definition
  2. Foreclosure-acceptance of parental values
  3. Identity diffusion-confusion and uncertainty
  4. Moratorium-pause in identity to allow teens to explore
    alternatives
170
Q

Most influential on adolescents

A

Family and friends

171
Q

Peer relationships 3 groups

A
  1. Individual friendships
  2. Crowd-similar interests
  3. Clique-group stays together due to attraction and
    interpersonal relationship
172
Q

Suicide ideation

A

Extensive thoughts about committing suicide.

Very common in adolescent students

173
Q

Schneidman belief

A 
All suicides are preceded by behavioral, situational and
verbal signs:
Drastic drop in school performance
Talk of suicide
Withdrawal from family
Running away
Attempting suicide
174
Q

Senescence

A

Between ages of 15 and 30

State of physical decline, body less strong and efficient

175
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive a child after one year or more of

intercourse without contraception

176
Q

Factors that contribute to less sperm production

A 
Drug abuse
Alcohol abuse
High fever
Cigarette smoking
Exposure to toxins or radiation
Stress
177
Q

Drug use, abuse, addiction

A

Use = ingesting any drug
Abuse = used in a manner that is physically, cognitively, and
/or psychosocially harmful
Addiction = dependence on drugs

178
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Person limits his/her food intake to the point of possible

starvation

179
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Severe eating disorder: compulsive binges on food and force self
to vomit or use laxatives

180
Q

Cognitive changes occuring in adulthood

A

Postformal approach-builds on operational thinking
Psychometric approach-analyzes factors of intelligence and
examines improvement or decline
Information processing approach-storage and retrieval of
information

181
Q

Most predominant patterns in adult thinking

A

Postformal thought
Aduld reasoning that focuses on problem solving and real
life concepts
Dialectical thought
Most advanced form of cognition
First stage = thesis (statement of belief)
Second stage = antithesis (statement that opposes the thesis)

182
Q

Synthesis or 3rd stage of dialectical process

A

Occurs when both thesis and antithesis are considered at the
same time, becoming the 3rd stage in the dialectical thought
process

183
Q

Levinson stages of adulthood

A 
17-22 Early adult transition
18-33 Transition, cause change
22-28 First choices, love etc.
33-40 Settling down
40-45 Midlife transition, start to question
45-50 new choices made
184
Q

Roger Gould

A

Studies stages of adulthood ages 16-60
Ranked issues of greatest importance in people’s lives
Found issues involved becoming more satisfied and tolerant
of oneself

185
Q

Spousal abuse

A

Common couple violence
Outbursts of yelling, insulting, physical attacks one or both
partners
Patriarchal terrorism
One partner uses a wide range of tactics to isolate, degrade
and punish the other

186
Q

Glass ceiling

A

Women and minorities can only get to a certain point

187
Q

Role buffering

A

Each role provides a cushion for the disappointments in the

other roles

188
Q

Factors affecting hearing loss

A

Sex
Genes
Age
Deficits start age 30 (men) 50 (women)

189
Q

Incidental exercise

A

Work out 3 times a week or more for at least 30 min

190
Q

Climacteric

A

Phase preceding menopause, believed to be as long as 10 yrs.
shorter menstrual cycles
varying ovulation

191
Q

Menopause

A

Between ages 42 and 58
Menstrual periods stop
Estrogen prod drop
Usually dated after 1 year following the last menstrual period

192
Q

Fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

Fluid
All type of learning quick and in depth
Crystallized
Accumulated learning, vocab, general info, knowledge of
scientific formulas, all part of this process

193
Q

According to Gardner there are 7 levels of intelligence

A 
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Musical-spatial
Body-kinesthetic
Social-understanding
Self-understanding
194
Q

Sternberg considered multiple intelligence in 3 ways

A

Analytic
Planning, processing, verbal, logical skills
Creative
Intellectually flexible
Practical
Ability to adapt behavior to contextual demands of a
situation

195
Q

Five clusters of personality termed Big 5

A

Extroversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Also gender convergence-women become more assertive and
men begin to express sadness or grief more openly

196
Q

Grandparenthood

A

Remote
Involved
Companionate

197
Q

Work related issues

A 
Extrinsic
Non essential
Intrinsic
Belonging to
Altruistic
Doing it without any reward
Self centered
198
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice against the aged involves categorizations and

judgments based on chronological age

199
Q

Slower reaction times

A

Due to changes in neuro system

200
Q

Eye sight statistics in older adults

A

80% need some sort of corrective lenses
10% OK
10% significant vision problems: cataracts, glaucoma, senile
macular degeneration

201
Q

Biosocial domain

A

Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them

202
Q

Cognitive domain

A

thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery

203
Q

Psychosocial domain

A

Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with

family, friends and rest of society

204
Q

Internal factors

A

Physical maturation and cognition

205
Q

External factors

A

Context of development

206
Q

Social construct

A

How things should be based on shared perceptions of society

rather than objective reality

207
Q

Cohort

A

A group of persons born within a few years of each other

208
Q

Culture

A

Sets of values, attitudes and customs shaped and maintained
by people in a particular setting as a way to live or structure
life together

209
Q

Robert LeVine cultural context

A

Middle class families give less consideration to infant
morality rates because their parental strageties focus on tech
advances and emotional independence of their children

210
Q

Discontinuity

A

Earlier characteristics of children disappear while traits and
qualities emerge

211
Q

Case study

A

An intensive study of one individual, involving a deep
investigation into an individual’s thoughts, feelings and life
events

212
Q

Shortcomings of case studies

A

Difficulty generalizing to other individuals and inability to
pinpoint exact causal factors that lead to the condition that is
under scrutiny

213
Q

Laboratory observation

A

Act of watching and recording what people do in certain

situations

214
Q

Major disadvantage of laboratory observation

A

Problem of identifying the variable (any factor, condition or
component of a study that can change from one individual,
group or situation to another and affect behavior)

215
Q

Naturalistic observation

Advantages/disadvantages

A

A-Can find things not found in controlled environment
D-Results don’t always predict causal relationships, to
generalize results to others not easily determined

216
Q

Laboratory observation major disadvantage

A

ID the variable such as any factor, condition or component of
a study that can change from one individual, group or
situation to affect behavior

217
Q

Positive correlation

Negative correlation

A

ID whether 2 variables are related to each other
POS = Both variables increase of decrease
NEG = One increases, other decreases

218
Q

Survey when used

A

When needing to generate a considerable amt of information
about individuals about personal characteristics, life
experiences, attitudes, opinions and behaviors

219
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction of the outcome of a study in order to answer

research questions

220
Q

To describe, predict and control relationships, research

methods used are

A

Case study
Observation
Survey
Correlation

221
Q

Correlation and causation

A

Not same.

222
Q

Experimental research

A

Considers causes of
Psychological experiences
Behavioral changes
Physiological processes

223
Q

Sequential Research =
Cross-sequential
Cohort
Time

A

Many different groups, different ages

Differentiate findings with age versus time period

224
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Individual born with 1 sex chromosome (XO)
Characteristics: Learning disabled (math, science)
Difficulty recognizing facial emotion
Short
Secondary sex characteristics do not develop (menstruation,
breasts)
Often have webbed neck

225
Q

Prenatal development phases

A

Germinal - First 14 days
Embryonic - 3rd to 8th wk
Fetal - 9th wk to birth

226
Q

Organs functional

A

At end of 7th month

227
Q

Teratogens

A 
Substances, ie drugs, alcohol
Diseases, ie rubella (measles)
Drugsm ie tetracycline, anticoagulants, bromides, phenobarb,
some hormones
OTC ie, antacids, aspirin, diet pills
228
Q

Drugs that will slow down growth of fetus

A

Alcohol, cocaine, cigarettes, heroin, LSD, methadone,

marijuana

229
Q

Low birth weight

A

Any infant weighing less than 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs) at birth

230
Q

Apgar

A

Scale 1 to 10
Administered 1 min and 5 min after birth
Measures: HR, RR, muscle tone, color, reflexes

231
Q

Brazelton

A

Scale to assess behavioral and neural functioning

EPPP by Subject Area (8 decks)

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