PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The left eye is looking straight on primary position, while the right eye is looking upward, which of the following is
true?
a. Left hypertropia
b. Left hypotropia
c. Right hypertropia
d. Left hypermetropia
A
C
2
Q
- Left esotropia surgical corrections includes:
a. Right medial rectus recession and left lateral rectus recession
b. Left lateral rectus recession only
c. Left lateral rectus and medial rectus recession
d. None of the above
A
D
3
Q
Which of the following is the yoke muscle if the right superior oblique?
a. Left inferior rectus
b. Left lateral rectus
c. Left superior rectus
d. Left superior oblique
A
A
4
Q
- A form of functional strabismus brought about by the necessity for the use of an excessive amount of
accommodation and the accompanying accommodative convergence to see clearly at any distance.
a. Sensory esotropia
b. Accommodative esotropia
c. Consecutive esotropia
d. Infantile esotropia
A
B
5
Q
Described as exophoria or exotropia at far greater than the near deviation by at least 10 prism
a. Convergence insufficiency
b. Divergence excess
c. Convergence excess
d. Divergence insufficiency
A
B
6
Q
- Angle formed by the intersection of pupillary axis and the visual axis
a. Angle kappa
b. Angle lambda
c. Angle alpha
d. Angle gamma
A
A
7
Q
Line passing through the center of rotation of the eyeball and at right angle to the optic axis
a. Optic axis
b. Transverse axis
c. Vertical axis
d. Horizontal axis
A
B
8
Q
If the patient has right exotropia, the stimulated retinal points are
a. Right fovea, left fovea
b. Right nasal fovea, left fovea
c. Right temporal fovea, left fovea
d. Right fovea, left nasal fovea
A
C
9
Q
- If the patient has left esotropia, the stimulated retinal points are
a. Right fovea, left temporal fovea
b. Right nasal fovea, left fovea
c. Right temporal fovea, left fovea
d. Right fovea, left nasal fovea
A
D
10
Q
Which of the following is the training prism of left exotropia?
a. Base out
b. Base in
c. Base up
d. Base down
A
A
11
Q
- Temporal crescent
a. 180 degrees
b. 150 degrees
c. 30 degrees
d. 120 degrees
A
C
12
Q
Which of the following best describes an extraocular muscle action when both eyes are looking upward?
a. Cataversion
b. Deorsumversion
c. Sursumversion
d. Dextroversion
A
C
13
Q
- What do you call when vertical meridians of both eyes rotate outward?
a. Conclination
b. Declination
c. Convergence
d. Excycloduction
A
B
14
Q
What is considered as the longest extraocular muscle, excluding the trochlea?
a. Superior rectus
b. Inferior rectus
c. Superior oblique
d. Inferior rectus
A
A
15
Q
- Which of the following includes the yoke muscles of excyclovergence?
a. Right superior oblique, left superior oblique
b. Right inferior oblique, left inferior oblique
c. Right inferior rectus, left inferior rectus
d. Right inferior oblique. Left inferior rectus
A
B
16
Q
Which of the following are the muscles involve when there is a left head tilt?
a. Right superior oblique, left inferior oblique
b. Right inferior oblique, left superior oblique
c. Right superior rectus, left inferior rectus
d. Right inferior oblique, left superior rectus
A
B
17
Q
- Superior-inferior line passing through center of rotation
a. Z-axis
b. X-axis
c. Y-axis
A
A
18
Q
Line drawn from the object of regard to the fovea passing through the nodal point.
a. Pupillary axis
b. Optic axis
c. Visual axis
d. Angle gamma
A
C
19
Q
- Angle formed by the intersection of the pupillary axis and the line of sight.
a. Angle gamma
b. Angle alpha
c. Angle lambda
d. Angle kappa
A
C
20
Q
If the left superior oblique is damaged, the compensating head tilt is towards the _____.
a. Right
b. Left
c. Right head turn
d. Left head turn
A
A
21
Q
- If the patient has hypotropia, _________ is observed.
a. Right head turn
b. Left head turn
c. Chin depression
d. Chin elevation
A
D
22
Q
Right eye turns down and left eye turns up
a. Positive vertical divergence
b. Negative vertical divergence
c. Positive vertical convergence
d. Excyclovergence
A
B
23
Q
- Which of the following is considered as the strongest extraocular muscle?
a. Superior rectus
b. Inferior rectus
c. Medial rectus
d. Lateral rectus
A
C
24
Q
What are the antagonist muscles involved in dextroinfraversion?
a. Right superior oblique, left inferior rectus
b. Right inferior rectus, left superior oblique
c. Right superior rectus, left inferior oblique
d. Right inferior oblique, left inferior oblique
A
C
25
25. Which of the following statement is true regarding monocular cues to depth perception?
a. The smaller the retinal image, the nearer the object is
b. Objects partly obscured is perceived to be farther
c. If there is against parallax motion, the object is farther than the point of fixation
d. Objects located at more converging points
B
26
Which of the following monocular cues will make parallel lines appear to converge towards the horizon and an
imaginary vanishing point, creating a sense of distance?
a. Linear perspective
b. Aerial perspective
c. Object overlay
d. Familiar size
A
27
27. Farther object appears to make a larger excursion than the near object
a. Motion parallax
b. Linear perspective
c. Overlay of contours
C
28
Objects points having a constant size appear to subtend smaller and smaller angles as they recede from the
subject
a. Motion parallax
b. Linear perspective
c. Overlay of contours
d. Aerial perspective
B
29
29. A monocular cue which is due to scattering by the atmosphere, objects that are a great distance away have lower
luminance contrast and lower color saturation
a. Motion parallax
b. Linear perspective
c. Overlay of contours
d. Aerial perspective
D
30
Which of the following is not a pupil deformity abnormality?
a. Dyscoria
b. Correctopia
c. Marcus Gunn
d. Polycoria
C
31
31. Which of the following is not an eyelid muscle?
a. Levator Palpebrae Superioris
b. Bruck’s
c. Muller’s
d. Orbicularis Oculi
B
32
What crystalline lens structure contains the newly formed lens fibers?
a. Lens Cortex
b. Lens Nucleus
c. Lens Capsule
d. Lens Zonules
A
33
33. What crystalline lens structure contains the earliest formed fibers?
a. Lens Cortex
b. Lens Nucleus
c. Lens Capsule
d. Lens Zonules
B
34
Which of the following is not an attribute of color?
a. Value
b. Tone
c. Intensity
d. Vibrance
D
35
35. Which of the following is not a method of color mixing?
a. Psychological
b. Physiological
c. Physical
d. Juxtaposition
A
36
Constrcited pupil needs ___________ threshold intensity, while dilated pupil needs __________ threshold
intensity.
a. Greater, Lesser
b. Lesser, Greater
c. High, Low
d. Low, High
A
37
37. Which of the following is not part of the nuclear retinal layer of the retina?
a. Outer Nuclear Layer
b. Inner Nuclear Layer
c. Ganglion Cell Layer
d. Nerve Fiber Layer
D
38
Which of the following is not part of the nerve retinal layer of the retina?
a. Outer Plexiform Layer
b. Nerve Fiber Layer
c. Inner Plexiform Layer
d. Ganglion Cell Layer
D
39
39. The AC/A ratio is likely to be high in:
a. Hypermetropia
b. Myopia
c. Convergence excess
d. Divergence excess
C
40
Which of the following is a true statement?
a. AC/A ratio decreases with age
b. Fusional convergence decreases with age
c. Stimulus for accommodation provokes convergence
d. Accommodation is more precise than convergence
C
41
A high AC/A ratio can be treated by using:
a. Atropine occlusion
b. Bifocals
c. Exercises
d. Minus lenses
B
42
42. Which of the following is not a cause of diplopia?
a. Strabismus
b. Suppression
c. Cataracts
d. Metamorphopsia from macular lesions
B
43
Which of the following statement is not true regarding strabismus?
a. It is a latent deviation
b. It may due to uncorrected hypermetropia
c. It is present all the time
d. Fusion is absent
A
44
44. Which of the following statements is correct regarding amblyopia?
a. Amblyopia is a cortical blindness
b. Amblyopia is a general term for a visual field deficit that has to do with the optics or structure of the eye and
retina
c. In amblyopia, the brain basically ignores inputs from one eye
d. It is referred to as lazy eye
A
45
Which of the following statement is true?
a. Testing stereo acuity is checking the child’s ability to discern depth
b. Testing stereo acuity is checking the child’s ability to discern form and shape
c. Testing stereo acuity is checking the child’s ability to discern color
d. Testing stereo acuity is checking the child’s ability to contours
A
46
46. Patient with convergence excess will not experience this symptom:
a. Eyestrain
b. Headaches
c. Diplopia
d. Dizziness
D
47
Which is not true regarding the inferior rectus muscle?
a. It is inserted about 6.5cm from the limbus arises from the tendinous ring
b. It is innervated by the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve which enter the muscle on its superior surface
c. It is attached to the lower lid via a band of connective tissue
d. It has the following action: The effect of depression is greatest when the eyeball is abducted
B
48
48. According to sherrington’s law, which of the following correctly identifies the direct antagonist to the right inferior
oblique muscles?
a. Right inferior rectus
b. Right superior oblique
c. Left inferior oblique
d. Right superior rectus
B
49
Which of the following extra ocular muscle is not supplied by the oculomotor nerve?
a. Medial rectus
b. Superior rectus
c. Lateral rectus
d. Inferior rectus
C
50
50. This is the normal nystagmus occurring when looking at objects passing across the field of vision, as in viewing
from a moving vehicle
a. Optokinetic nystagmus
b. Pendular nystagmus
c. Jerk nystagmus
d. End-point nystagmus
A
51
The type of nystagmus occurring when one eye is covered:
a. Latent nystagmus
b. Pendular nystagmus
c. Jerk nystagmus
d. End point nystagmus
A
52
52. Which type of nystagmus occurs in normal individuals only when the eyes are at extreme gaze?
a. Latent nystagmus
b. Pendular nystagmus
c. Jerk nystagmus
d. End point nystagmus
D
53
Which of the following terms described “day blindness”?
a. Hemeralopia
A
54
During levoversion, what is the yoke muscle of the left lateral muscle?
a. Right lateral rectus
b. Right medial rectus
c. Left medial rectus
d. Left inferior oblique
B
55
55. Convergence squint results in the paralysis of what cranial nerve?
a. Abducens nerve
b. Occulomotor nerve
c. Trochlear nerve
d. Optic nerve
B
56
A patient’s moderate right hypertropia and large esotropia will most likely be measured using prism:
a. Base up and out
b. Base down and out
c. Base down and in
d. Base in and up
B
57
57. Two images formed on the same retinal location will be seen as _________.
a. Blurry
b. Large
c. Double
d. Superimposed
D
58
Eccentric fixation is a voluntary process to overcome a disability.
a. True, it’s always voluntary
b. False, it’s always involuntary
c. Sometimes when the circumstance deems it necessary
d. Only when viewing small targets
B
59
59. The peripheral retina is most sensitive to what type of visual directions?
a. large displacements and fast speeds
b. color
c. minute movements
d. fingers being held up
A
60
Ability to maintain a single fused image using vergence movements.
a. Single Binocular Vision
b. Sensory Fusion
c. Motor Fusion
d. Strong EOMs
C
61
61. A pair of spectacles with plus lenses were prescribed to a patient who complains of discomfort and occasional diplopia when
driving. The most likely diagnosis is:
a. Divergence weakness esophoria
b. Convergence excess esophoria
c. Convergence insufficiency
d. Medial Rectus palsy
A
62
______ are adopted when there is oblique muscle palsy.
a. Tips of the chin either up or down
b. Face turns
c. Head tilts
d. Head movement
C
63
63. A patient complains of blurred vision at far and near which clears after a short while. What anomaly is being addressed if he
is made to alternate fixation through the top and then bottom pair of lenses?
a. Convergence excess
b. Accommodative infacility
c. Convergence insufficiency
d. Accommodative spasm
B
64
A patient complains of pain in ocular motility test. The most likely cause is:
a. Retrobulbar neuritis
b. Decompensation
A
65
If a patient manifests hypodeviation with an exo component, ptosis, and mydriasis, the most likely diagnosis is:
a. Palsy of oculomotor nerve
b. Palsy of abducens nerve
c. Palsy of optic nerve
d. Palsy of trochlear nerve
A
66
66. Version testing evaluates:
a. How well a pair of yoke muscles work together
b. Over and under action of antagonists
c. How well synergists and agonists work together
d. Over and under action of an agonist
A
67
Abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) may evolve:
a. As an adaptation to strabismus
b. As an adaptation to aphakia
c. As an adaptation to pseudostrabismus
d. As an adaptation to a phoria
A
68
68. As the patient fixates on the middle bead of the Brock string, he reports seeing two strings at near and one at the distance on
his left. This indicates:
a. OD suppression
b. OS suppression
c. Strabismus
d. ARC
A
69
A form of strabismus in which the deviation varies in different directions of gaze but is larger when the eyes are turned in the
direction of action of the underacting or paralytic muscle.
a. Intermittent
b. Comitant
c. Incomitant
d. Periodic
C
70
70. The blending of sight from the two eyes to form a single percept.
a. Simultaneous perception
b. Flat fusion
c. Stereopsis
d. Fusion
A
71
_____ is maintaining of the visual gaze on the same direction.
a. Fixation
b. Saccades
c. Rapid Eye Movement
d. Smooth Pursuits
A
72
72. Image of the real pupil found at the cornea.
a. Visual Axis
b. Optic Axis
c. Exit Pupil
d. Entrance Pupil
D
73
States that when a nervous impulse is sent to a muscle causing it to contract, an equal impulse goes to the contralateral
synergist (yoke muscle) in order to maintain parallelism of the visual axes.
a. Doctrine of Corresponding Points
b. Sherrington’s Law
c. Hering's Law
d. Herington's Law
C
74
74. Which of the following suggest that the patient has amblyopia?
a. The patient freely alternates without intervention on the part of the examiner
b. The non-preferred eye can hold fixation for at least 5 seconds, through a smooth pursuit, or through a blink
c. The non-preferred eye holds fixation for less than 3 seconds, but not through a blink or smooth pursuit.
d. None of the above
C
75
The difference in the lateral separation between objects in the two eyes' retinal images is called:
a. Binocular rivalry
b. Parallax
c. Retinal disparity
d. Strabismus
C
76
76. The horopter is:
a. the imaginary plane marking the position of all objects located at the same perceived distance
b. the dividing line between crossed and uncrossed disparities
c. a device for measuring an object's eccentricity
d. Both a and b
D
77
The primary contribution of random-dot stereograms to the study of depth perception is that they:
a. show that feature matching isn't required for stereopsis
b. are easy stimuli to generate
c. demonstrate that overlapping spatial frequency content isn't required for stereopsis
d. utilize binocular rivalry to great effect
A
78
Motion parallax is related to stereopsis because both require:
a. Two different views that are spatially offset
b. Two eyes to operate
c. Motion to operate
d. A horopter
A
79
79. A patient is looking at a chart on a bulletin board from across the room when the push-pin gives out and the chart falls to the
ground. What eye movement does the patient use to keep the object in view?
a. Optokinetic nystagmus
b. Vestibulo-ocular reflex
c. Saccade
d. Smooth pursuit
D
80
The most common color deficiency if patient is using excessive alcohol and tobacco.
a. Red-green deficiency
b. Blue deficiency
c. Blue-yellow deficiency
d. Yellow deficiency
A
81
81. Cause of color blindness that is incurable.
a. Excessive use of alcohol
b. Lack of cones in the retina
c. Disease in the brain
d. Hereditary
D
82
Inability to discern one color in the basis of hue.
a. Abnormal trichromasy
b. Dichromasy
c. Trichromasy
d. Monochromasy
B
83
83. Mixing red and green wavelength will produce
a. Magenta
b. Cyan
c. Yellow
d. Orange
C
84
Mixing blue and red color paint will produce
a. Green
b. Violet
c. Orange
d. Yellow
B
85
85. Actual mixing of color spectrum.
a. Physical method
b. Juxtaposition
c. Additive
d. Subtractive
C
86
Actual mixing of color pigments.
a. Physical method
b. Juxtaposition
c. Additive
d. Subtractive
D
87
87. A pseudoisochromatic test plates that can identify malingering in the 1st colored plate.
a. Ishihara test
b. Aohrr test
c. Ao company test
d. Lantern test
A
88
Dark area in the visual field due to presence of any defect of the visual field.
a. Positive scotoma
b. Negative scotoma
c. Scotoma
d. Blind spot
C
89
89. This is not a division of optic nerve.
a. Intraocular
b. Intraorbital
c. Intracabalicular
d. Intravenous
D
90
A part of neural pathway about 13mm wide, its posterior surface is in close contact with the stalk of the master gland.
a. Optic chiasm
b. Optic tract
c. LGB
d. Optic radiation
ANSWER A
91
91. Characteristic of nerve impulse in which the nerve or any living structure is associated with electrical phenomenon.
a. Summation of subliminal stimulus
b. Rhythmicity
c. Action potential
d. Threshold stimulus
C
92
diagrammatic representation of the optical system of an ideal normal eye based on dioptric system of an emmetropic eye.
a. Conoid of sturn
b. Schematic eye
c. Entopic image
d. Gullstrand eye
B
93
An image formed by regular reflection, as from a mirror or by reflection at refracting surface.
a. Catoptric image
b. Ocular image
c. Retinal image
d. Following image
A
94
In a perfect physical blackness, we do not experience absolute black, there is always a present of or what appears as minute
points of light in blank space.
a. Muscae volitantes
b. Positive after-image
c. Negative after-image
d. Intrinsic light
D
95
95. If the eyes have normal version movements, all of the following will exist except:
a. Each eye will move with equal speed.
b. Each eye will move smoothly.
c. The eyes will diverge equally.
d. Each eye will be at the same position with respect to the other.
C
96
Vergence testing examines the ability of the eyes:
a. To move in the opposite directions in order to maintain stereopsis as an object moves closer or farther away
b. To move in the opposite directions to maintain fixation as an object moves closer or farther away
c. To move together in the same direction to maintain fixation as an object moves closer or farther away
d. To judge spatial relationships as an object moves closer or farther away
B
97
97. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
a. Two muscles moving both eyes in the same direction is called synergistic muscles.
b. The primary moving muscle is called the agonist.
c. The movement towards the direction opposite that produced by the agonist is caused by the antagonist.
d. The contraction of the agonist and synergist moves the eye in a specific direction.
A
98
Uncorrected visual acuity of OD 20/25 and OS 20/100 may give rise to:
a. Anisometropic Amblyopia
b. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia
c. Low vision
d. Strabismic amblyopia
A
99
99. According to Hering’s law, which of the following pairings of muscles are correct?
a. Superior oblique OD, inferior rectus OS
b. Inferior oblique OD, superior oblique OS
c. Superior rectus OD, inferior rectus OD
d. Inferior oblique OS, superior oblique OS
A
100
patient who is 12 exophoric at near and accepts -1.00D sph will be benefited by _________.
a. Partial lens correction for full-time wear
b. Progressive lens correction for full-time wear
c. Full lens correction for full-time wear
d. No lens correction
C
