Physiological Flashcards
Thiamine deficiency leads to Korsakoff’s syndrome, which results in damage to neurons in the _____ and ______
thalamus and mamillary bodies
Globus pallidus transmits information to the ______
thalamus
functions of the basal ganglia include:
initiation and control of voluntary movements, procedural and habit learning, cognitive functioning (attention/decision-making), procedural and implicit memory, and emotions
The limbic system is made up of the amygdala, ______, and ______
cingulate cortex; hippocampus
the cingulate cortex is involved in _____
attention, emotion, and perception and subjective experience of pain
PTSD has been linked to hyperactivity in the amygdala and _______ in the ________
hypoactivity; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Gerstmann’s syndrome results from damage to the ______ lobe and symptoms include: ________
parietal; finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, agraphia (a loss of writing skills), and acalculia (a loss of arithmetic skills).
Damage to certain areas of the __________ lobe causes perseveration, which involves repetition of the same response or action when it’s inappropriate to do so in a variety of situations and on a variety of tasks
frontal
arcuate fasciculus
connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
Broca’s area is found in the _____ lobe, whereas Wernicke’s areas is found in the ______ lobe
frontal; temporal
ideomotor apraxia
damage to left parietal lobe; inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command
damage to the dorsolateral PFC results in:
dysexecutive syndrome: impaired judgement, insight, planning, and organization
damage to the orbitofrontal PFC results in:
disinhibition syndrome: behavioural disinhibition, distractibility, emotional lability, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight
damage to the mediofrontal PFC results in:
apathetic-akinetic syndrome: pseudodepression, reduced emotional reactions, motor behaviour, and verbal output, impaired motivation ans sponteneity
a drug that increases which neurotransmitter is likely to be most effective in treating OCD?
serotonin
partial agonist
produce similar (but weaker) effects of a neurotransmitter
which dopaminergic pathway is involved in emotion, motivation, and executive cognitive functions?
mesocortical
which dopaminergic pathway plays a key role in production of purposeful movement?
nigrostriatal
inverse agonist
produces the opposite effect of a neurotransmitter
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes degeneration of ______ receptors at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in severe muscle weakness and fatigue
Acetylcholine
glutamate excitotoxicity plays a role in many disorders including:
seizures, stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s
retinal disparity
the two eyes see two different views and the closer an object, the greater the disparity
convergence
the tendency for the eyes to turn inward as an object gets closer and vice versa
gate control theory says that pain can be relieved by ________
applying heat or cold to the affected areas, using distraction techniques, guided imagery, or hyponosis
which psychophysics law states that there is an exponential relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus and that the exponent varies for different stimuli
Steven’s Law
which psychophysics law states that the just noticeable difference (JND) for a stimulus is a constant proportion, regardless of the intensity of the original stimulus?
Weber’s Law
Weber’s law only applies to stimuli in the _________
mid-range
which psychophysics law states that there is a logarithmic relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus?
Fechner’s Law
Fechner’s law is more accurate than Weber’s law for stimuli at ______
extreme intensities
research has shown that drugs that block protein synthesis while acquiring new information interfere with the formation of _______
long-term memories but not short-term memories
with regard to emotions, damage to the left hemisphere is likely to produce ______
depression or emotional volatility (catastrophic reaction)
James lange theory of emotion
a stimulus is perceived, bodily arousal and behaviour occur, and emotion is then experienced
what does the Papez circuit plays a fundamental role in?
emotions and memory (includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus, and cingulate cortex)
The ______ theory of emotion proposes that all emotions are essentially the same in terms of physiological arousal and that people experience a particular emotion only after they experience physiological arousal and then assign a cognitive label to that arousal
Schachter-Singer two factor theory
Allostasis refers to:
stability and adapting to change during times of stress
Huntington’s disease is a progressive autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to GABA and glutamate abnormalities in which part of the brain?
Basal Ganglia
Middle cerebral artery stroke
symptoms include contralateral sensory loss and weakness (especially in the arm and face), contralateral visual field loss, and aphasia when the dominant hemisphere is affected or apraxia and contralateral neglect when the non-dominant hemisphere is affected.
Diabetes Insipidus is usually caused by a low level of _________
antidiuretic hormone
in terms of prognosis in memory loss from a TBI, most people experience the most recovery during the first _____ months, with substantial improvement during ______
3 months, the first year
excessive glutamate activity in the _______ is implicated in the progression of Parkinson’s disease and degeneration of _______ neurons in the locus coeruleus is responsible for non-motor symptoms, including depression, cognitive deficits, and sleep disturbances
basal ganglia; norepinephrine
Up to 50% of people with Parkinson’s have depression at some time during the disorder, with depressive symptoms preceding motor symptoms in about ____% of cases.
20
Clozapine and other second-generation antipsychotics are dopamine and serotonin _______
antagonists
A person who takes an SSRI concomitantly with an MAOI may develop serotonin syndrome, which is characterized by:
agitation, hyperthermia, and autonomic instability
a potential side-effect of carbamazepine is agranulocytosis, which is a(n) _______ disorder
blood
Benzodiazepines have a ____ half-life for older adults than for younger adults and, therefore, are often prescribed for older adults at a ______ dose than they are for younger adults
longer; lower
A young man taking a conventional antipsychotic as a treatment for schizophrenia develops tardive dyskinesia. Of the following, what would be the best course of action in this situation?
replace the conventional antipsychotic with an atypical antipsychotic
out of the antidepressants, _______ are more likely to produce sexual dysfunction and ______ are more likely to produce anticholinergic effects.
SSRIs; TCAs
Tardive Dyskinesia is cause by _________ and involves ____________
long-term use of antipsychotic drugs; repetitive involuntary movements of the tongue, face, neck, truck, and extremities
When lithium has not reduced the symptoms of mania for an individual who has received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, an alternative is:
Carbamazepine