Physio- Mouth and Esophagus

Question 1

This stage of swallowing is when food is rolled back into the pharynx by the tongue under your control.

Answer 1

Voluntary stage

Question 2

This stage of swallowing is when food enters the pharynx and peristalsis begins.

Answer 2

Pharyngeal stage

Question 3

This stage in swallowing is when food is moved quickly from the pharynx to the stomach.

Answer 3

Esophageal stage

Question 4

Which structures send impulses from the mouth to the medulla via V and IX?

Answer 4

Tonsillar pillars

Question 5

This is the area of the medulla that receives sensory impulses from the tonsillar pillars.

Answer 5

Tractus solitarius

Question 6

Which structures in the medulla start the swallowing process?

Answer 6

Reticular substance and lower pons

Question 7

What is primary peristalsis of the esophagus?

Answer 7

Where food isnt moved completely into the stomach, and there is just a distention of the esophagus

Question 8

How does secondary peristalsis begin?

Answer 8

the myenteric plexus geets signals from the vagus to do the peristaltic movements

Question 9

The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is what type of muscle?

Answer 9

striated muscle

Question 10

The lower 2/3 of the esophagus is what type of muscle?

Answer 10

smooth muscle

Question 11

This is when there is a wave of relaxation preceeding the peristaltic movement, as to move food downstream.

Answer 11

Receptive relaxation

Question 12

What is the main neurotransmitter involved in receptive relaxation?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

Receptive relaxation causes the relaxation of what important sphincter before food hits the stomach?

Answer 13

Lower esophageal sphinter

Question 14

So why is the lower esophageal constricted all the time before it’s relaxed by receptive relaxation?

Answer 14

To prevent reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus

Question 15

When stimulated by the tactile stimulation, chemical irritation, or distension of the gut, what will the enteric NS do in response?

Answer 15

increase secretions

Question 16

Stimulation of the PANS causes an increase or decrease in secretions in the gut?

Answer 16

Increase

Question 17

Alone, will the SANS increase secretions in the gut?

Answer 17

Yes, a little.

Question 18

If the SANS is activated when the PANS is in effect, will secretions be increased or decreased?

Answer 18

Decreased

Question 19

This hold 2 important functions for the gut: lubrication and protection

Answer 19

Mucus

Question 20

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

Answer 20

Parotid, submandibualr, and sublingual glands

Question 21

This secretion from the salivary glands contains ptyalin, which is used to digest starches.

Answer 21

Serous secretion

Question 22

This secretion form the salivary glands contains mucin, which lubricates and protects the digestive tract.

Answer 22

Mucus secretions

Question 23

This is an alpha amylase enzyme used to breakdown starches in saliva.

Answer 23

Ptyalin

Question 24

Case: you’re in the woods and cut yourself on a fallen branch. Your doctor friend spits on your wound and explains that there are 2 ways saliva can fight bacteria. What are they?

Answer 24

1. saliva has lysozymes that attack and kill bacteria

2. saliva has a lot of antibodies that kill oral bacteria.

Question 25

Nerve stimulation on the basal portion of the cell membrane causes active transport of what ion into the cell interior?

Answer 25

Cl-

Question 26

Since Cl- flows into the cell, which ion will enter the cell because of the increase in electronegativity?

Answer 26

Na+

Question 27

Now we have a lot of salt in the cell, which causes the flow of what substance into the cell?

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

Now we have all this water and salt in the cell, and the increase in pressure causes what to happen?

Answer 28

There are minute openings of the secretory border causing water, salt, and organic material out of the glandular cell.

Question 29

Saliva typically contains large amounts of what 2 ions?

Answer 29

K and HCO3

Question 30

Saliva usually contains low concentrations of what 2 ions?

Answer 30

Na and Cl

Question 31

The acini secrete a large amount of ptyalin, mucin and ions (similar to plasma conc), but at rest, there are small amounts of NaCl. Why?

Answer 31

Because it's actively reabsorbed along the salivary duct

Question 32

Why is Na and Cl increased to about 1/2 the conc of plasma when eating?

Answer 32

Because there is an increased rate of salivary flow through the salivary duct and it doesnt have time to exchange for K.

Question 33

Which parasympathetics nuclei in the brainstem control salivation? (neuroanatomy come back to meee)

Answer 33

Superior and inferior salivary nuclei

Question 34

Vasodilation to the salivary glands causes an increase or decrease in salivation?

Answer 34

increased

Question 35

Ptyalin is an amylase (remember?) that hydrolyzes starch into what components?

Answer 35

Maltose and other small polymers of glucose

Question 36

About 10% of fat digestion occurs in the mouth because of what enzyme?

Answer 36

lingual lipase

Question 37

Where does lingual lipase secreted from in the mouth?

Answer 37

Ebners glands near the circumvallate papillae of the tongue.

Question 38

Damage to which 3 cranial nerves can cause paralysis of the swallowing mechanism?

Answer 38

5, 9, 10

Question 39

When the swallowing process is paralyzed, what causes food to get passed into the lungs. Why?

Answer 39

Because the glottis doesnt close correctly

Question 40

Why can food get refluxed into the nose if the swallowing reflex is paralyzed?

Answer 40

the soft palate and uvula are paralyzed

Question 41

This is the condition when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax during swallowing.

Answer 41

Achalasia

Question 42

What causes achalasia?

Answer 42

Damage to the myenteric plexus --> loss of receptive relaxation in the LES

Question 43

What happens to the food in achalasia?

Answer 43

It gets built up above the LES

Question 44

This is the condition when ther esophagus cannot empty the swallowed food into the stomach and the esophagus enlarges and becomes putridly infected.

Answer 44

Megaesophagus

Question 45

What is the worst complication of megaesophagus?

Answer 45

Rupture and death.