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Gastrointestinal > Physio- Mouth and Esophagus > Flashcards

Physio- Mouth and Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

This stage of swallowing is when food is rolled back into the pharynx by the tongue under your control.

A

Voluntary stage

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2
Q

This stage of swallowing is when food enters the pharynx and peristalsis begins.

A

Pharyngeal stage

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3
Q

This stage in swallowing is when food is moved quickly from the pharynx to the stomach.

A

Esophageal stage

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4
Q

Which structures send impulses from the mouth to the medulla via V and IX?

A

Tonsillar pillars

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5
Q

This is the area of the medulla that receives sensory impulses from the tonsillar pillars.

A

Tractus solitarius

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6
Q

Which structures in the medulla start the swallowing process?

A

Reticular substance and lower pons

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7
Q

What is primary peristalsis of the esophagus?

A

Where food isnt moved completely into the stomach, and there is just a distention of the esophagus

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8
Q

How does secondary peristalsis begin?

A

the myenteric plexus geets signals from the vagus to do the peristaltic movements

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9
Q

The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is what type of muscle?

A

striated muscle

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10
Q

The lower 2/3 of the esophagus is what type of muscle?

A

smooth muscle

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11
Q

This is when there is a wave of relaxation preceeding the peristaltic movement, as to move food downstream.

A

Receptive relaxation

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12
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter involved in receptive relaxation?

A

NO

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13
Q

Receptive relaxation causes the relaxation of what important sphincter before food hits the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphinter

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14
Q

So why is the lower esophageal constricted all the time before it’s relaxed by receptive relaxation?

A

To prevent reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus

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15
Q

When stimulated by the tactile stimulation, chemical irritation, or distension of the gut, what will the enteric NS do in response?

A

increase secretions

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16
Q

Stimulation of the PANS causes an increase or decrease in secretions in the gut?

A

Increase

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17
Q

Alone, will the SANS increase secretions in the gut?

A

Yes, a little.

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18
Q

If the SANS is activated when the PANS is in effect, will secretions be increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

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19
Q

This hold 2 important functions for the gut: lubrication and protection

A

Mucus

20
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibualr, and sublingual glands

21
Q

This secretion from the salivary glands contains ptyalin, which is used to digest starches.

A

Serous secretion

22
Q

This secretion form the salivary glands contains mucin, which lubricates and protects the digestive tract.

A

Mucus secretions

23
Q

This is an alpha amylase enzyme used to breakdown starches in saliva.

A

Ptyalin

24
Q

Case: you’re in the woods and cut yourself on a fallen branch. Your doctor friend spits on your wound and explains that there are 2 ways saliva can fight bacteria. What are they?

A
  1. saliva has lysozymes that attack and kill bacteria

2. saliva has a lot of antibodies that kill oral bacteria.

25
Q

Nerve stimulation on the basal portion of the cell membrane causes active transport of what ion into the cell interior?

A

Cl-

26
Q

Since Cl- flows into the cell, which ion will enter the cell because of the increase in electronegativity?

A

Na+

27
Q

Now we have a lot of salt in the cell, which causes the flow of what substance into the cell?

A

Water

28
Q

Now we have all this water and salt in the cell, and the increase in pressure causes what to happen?

A

There are minute openings of the secretory border causing water, salt, and organic material out of the glandular cell.

29
Q

Saliva typically contains large amounts of what 2 ions?

A

K and HCO3

30
Q

Saliva usually contains low concentrations of what 2 ions?

A

Na and Cl

31
Q

The acini secrete a large amount of ptyalin, mucin and ions (similar to plasma conc), but at rest, there are small amounts of NaCl. Why?

A

Because it’s actively reabsorbed along the salivary duct

32
Q

Why is Na and Cl increased to about 1/2 the conc of plasma when eating?

A

Because there is an increased rate of salivary flow through the salivary duct and it doesnt have time to exchange for K.

33
Q

Which parasympathetics nuclei in the brainstem control salivation?

(neuroanatomy come back to meee)

A

Superior and inferior salivary nuclei

34
Q

Vasodilation to the salivary glands causes an increase or decrease in salivation?

A

increased

35
Q

Ptyalin is an amylase (remember?) that hydrolyzes starch into what components?

A

Maltose and other small polymers of glucose

36
Q

About 10% of fat digestion occurs in the mouth because of what enzyme?

A

lingual lipase

37
Q

Where does lingual lipase secreted from in the mouth?

A

Ebners glands near the circumvallate papillae of the tongue.

38
Q

Damage to which 3 cranial nerves can cause paralysis of the swallowing mechanism?

A

5, 9, 10

39
Q

When the swallowing process is paralyzed, what causes food to get passed into the lungs. Why?

A

Because the glottis doesnt close correctly

40
Q

Why can food get refluxed into the nose if the swallowing reflex is paralyzed?

A

the soft palate and uvula are paralyzed

41
Q

This is the condition when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax during swallowing.

A

Achalasia

42
Q

What causes achalasia?

A

Damage to the myenteric plexus –> loss of receptive relaxation in the LES

43
Q

What happens to the food in achalasia?

A

It gets built up above the LES

44
Q

This is the condition when ther esophagus cannot empty the swallowed food into the stomach and the esophagus enlarges and becomes putridly infected.

A

Megaesophagus

45
Q

What is the worst complication of megaesophagus?

A

Rupture and death.

Gastrointestinal (14 decks)

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