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Gastrointestinal > Pathology- Stomach > Flashcards

Pathology- Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Overall, what happens in the gastric mucosa to cause acute gastritis?

A

Disruption of the protective mucin lining of the stomach

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2
Q

True or false: in acute gastritis, the epithelial cells are damaged along with the mucin layer.

A

FALSE. The surface epithelium is in tact.

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3
Q

What type of WBC is present on the surface epithelia in acute gastritis?

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

What is the main and serious complication of NSAID use?

A

acute gastric ulceration

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of NSAIDs to cause acute gastric ulceration?

A

they stop COX, which stops prostaglandin synth, which usually enhances bicarbs, which synthesizes mucin. so no mucin is produced.

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6
Q

What is the name again of head trauma that enchances vagal response to cause ulcers?

A

Cushings ulcer

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7
Q

True or False: In acute gastric ulceration, there are erosions with brown/block coloration and sharp borders, but there is no scarring/thickening of the blood vessels.

A

True

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8
Q

So what is lost in acute gastric ulceration and not in acute gastritis?

A

The epithelial layer. thats why theres bleeding and erosion and shit in ulcers.

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic gastritis?

A

H. Pylori gastritis

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10
Q

What happens to the gastrin levels in H. Pylori gastritis?

A

They;re low.

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11
Q

What is the role of the flagella in H. Pylori? The urease? Adhesins? Toxins?

A

Flagella- mvmt. Urease- neutralize the acid. Adhesins- attachement. Toxins- damage.

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12
Q

Where in the stomach does H. Pylori usually cause gastritis?

A

The antrum

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13
Q

In intense H. Pylori colonization, it can spread subepithelially and cause what types of WBC’s to show up subepithelially?

A

neutrophils and plasma cells, which are characterisitc of H. Pylori

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14
Q

What is the specialized test u can do for H. Pylori gastritis Dx?

A

Urease breath test

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15
Q

What types of ppl are at risk for H. pylori infections?

A

poverty, childhood, can get H. helamnii from dogs/cats.

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16
Q

This type of gastritis loses parietal cells from CD4 targeting of the H/K ATPase pump.

A

Autoimmune gastritis

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17
Q

If you lose parietal cells, what vitamin can you now be deficient in?

A

B12 cuz u lose IF

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18
Q

If you lose parietal cells, you lose acid production, but you increase the release of what hormone? Why>

A

Gastrin cuz it’s reading low acid and keeps getting spit out cuz the body wants to make more acid.

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19
Q

Where in the stomach does autoimmune gastritis act?

A

the body and the fundus

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20
Q

What happens to the mucosal lining in the body and fundus when autoimmune gastritis occurs?

A

it thins and lymphocytes and macrophages are present.

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21
Q

Reactive gatropathy is usually caused from what things?

A

chemical injury, NSAIDs, post-pyloric bypass surgery

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22
Q

What do u see with reactive gatropathy in the epithelia?

A

No neutrophils, mucus hyperplasia, alternating injured/noninjured mucosa (watermelon stomach)

like ur stomach tissues being like “omg wtf was that”

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23
Q

Allergic reactions can cause dense accumulations of this type of WBC in this condition.

A

Eosinophils in eosinophilic gastritis

24
Q

What is the condition when there are increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8) and varioliform gastritis?

A

Lymphocytic gastritis

25
Q

Who is at risk for lymphocytic gastritis?

A

women with celiac disease

26
Q

Chrons and sarcoidosis can cause this condition where aggregates of tissue macrophages can narrow the antrum.

A

Granulomatous gastritis

27
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A

H. pylori and NSAID use

28
Q

Where in the GI tract does peptic ulcer disease occur?

A

duodenum (mainly)

29
Q

What does the defect look like the in the duodenum in peptic ulcer disease?

A

punched out, usually a big ulcer with dead necrotic tissue, liquefactive necrosis

30
Q

When does the burning sensation occur with peptic ulcer disease?

A

1-3 hours after a meal, worse at night, and relieved by alkali/food

31
Q

Chronic inflammation can cause 2 mucosal pathological changes. What are they?

A

mucosal atrophy and metaplasia

32
Q

On histological exam, what do you see in mucosal atrophy and metaplasia?

A

Goblet cells, big mucus cells (metaplasia), loss of parietal cells (atrophy)

33
Q

Mucosal atrophy and metaplasia are strongly correlated with what type of cancer?

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

34
Q

Free radical damage from chronic gastritis causes lesions that have genetic alterations, producing this type of cellular change.

A

Dysplasia

35
Q

In this condition, cysts can stimulate epithelium to proliferate reactively, so you form an epithelium over the gastric epithelia.

A

Gastritis cystica

36
Q

What usually causes gastritis cystica?

A

trauma

37
Q

Excessive TGF-a secretion can make a ton of foveolar (mucous) cells, leading to this condition.

A

Menetrier disease

38
Q

The hyperplasia of the foveolar cells in Mentrier’s disease can lead to what type of cancer formation?

A

Adenocarcinoma

39
Q

This disease is caused by gastrin-secreting tumors from the small intestine or pancreas.

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)

40
Q

In ZES, the excess gastrin causes the proliferation of what gastric cell type?

A

parietal cells

41
Q

ZES can lead to ulcer formation in what part of the GI tract?

A

duodenum

overload that bitch with acid

42
Q

This condition is from polyp development with chronic gastritis from reactive hyperplasia.

A

Inflammatory/hyperplastic polyps

43
Q

Fundic gland polyps can be formed by what type of therapy?

A

PPI’s

44
Q

Fundic gland polyps are associated with what genetic condition?

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

45
Q

Gastric adenomas are large (2cm) lesions and can form in what part of the stomach?

A

antrum

46
Q

What gene is faulty to cause gastric adenocarcinomas?

A

CDH1 gene, thus losing E-cadherin

47
Q

What do gastric adenocarcinomas look like on physical exam?

A

Heaped up masses in the antrum, can have signet ring and a “leather bottle” stomach wall appearance.

48
Q

Where is a common lymph node for metastasis of gastric adenocarcinomas?

A

left virchow’s node

49
Q

Why is mucous produced in gastric adenocarcinomas?

A

because they cause glandular formation, making goblet cells that make mucus

50
Q

Lymphomas are tumors linked with H. Pylori and arise from what type of tissue?

A

MALT

51
Q

These tumors come from the endocrine system, are mostly in the small intestine, and secrete hormones based off which part of the intestine the tumor is located.

A

Carcinoid tumor

52
Q

Carcinoid tumors have a yellow/tan polypid lesions and from specific kinds of colonies. What are those islands of cells calls?

A

islands of uniform cells (endocrine gland markers)

53
Q

c-KIT is a gene that encodes tryosine kinase, and when disrupted, this type of tumor is produced.

A

Gastrointestinal tumor

lol thats pretty general sounding

54
Q

What can you use to diagnose gastrointestinal tumors?

A

theyre usually pretty big (30cm) and can use c-KIT to diagnose. tumors are spindle shaped cells

55
Q

Why can gastrointestinal tumors leads to anemia?

A

from blood loss from the ulcers

Gastrointestinal (14 decks)

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