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Gastrointestinal > Biochem- Vitamins and Iron > Flashcards

Biochem- Vitamins and Iron Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 forms can B12 exist in the body as?

A

Free or bound

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2
Q

What is the free B12 bound to?

A

Haptocorrins (transcobalamin I)

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3
Q

Where does the Haptocorrins come from?

A

salivary and gastric mucosa

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4
Q

What is the bound B12 bound to?

A

dietary proteins

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5
Q

What causes the bound B12 to be released from the dietary proteins?

A

digestive proteases in the stomach and small intestine

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6
Q

Once the B12 is bound to Haptocorrins, what are the steps to bind it to intrinsic factor?

A

The Haptocorrins get degraded by pancreatic proteases to allow it to bind to intrinsic factor

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7
Q

What happens with the B12-IF complex?

A

it attaches to specific receptors in the ileum and is internalized

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8
Q

Once the B12 is inside the cells of the GI, what does it bind to next?

A

transcobalmin II

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9
Q

Once bound to transcobalmin II, where does the complex go?

A

into the circulation and then to the tissies.

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10
Q

Which organ takes up 50% of the transcobalmin II-B12 complex and stores it for 3-6 years?

A

Liver

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11
Q

What is the biggest problem in expectant mothers if they dont take folate?

A

Neural tube defects

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12
Q

What is defective, biologically, which causes the neural tube defects from an inadequate folate intake?

A

DNA synthesis

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13
Q

How else is folate used in the body to repair certain systems?

A

used for DNA repair

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14
Q

How is folate used in DNA repair?

A

It does the methylization of dUMP to dTTP –> no folate –> uracil in DNA –> DNA repair cannot continue –> fragmented DNA

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15
Q

What is the condition called when there are clumps of neutrophilic leukocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of patients with improper folate or B12 intake?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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16
Q

What are the Sx to megaloblastic anemia?

A

fatigue, loss of appetite, pale skin, red/swollen tongue, and bleeding gums

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17
Q

Why is vitamin A so important for your big, beautiful, sexy eyes?

A

It’s required for the synthesis of rhodopsin

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18
Q

What are the Sx for inadequate vitamin A intake?

A

night blindness and xeropthalamia (severe drying of eye)

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19
Q

Beri-beri is a deficiency in what vitamin?

A

B1 (thiamine)

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20
Q

What are the general Sx of Beri-beri?

A

pitting edema, weight loss, emotional disturbance (OH GOD THE BERRIES), sensory problems and cardio problems

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21
Q

This form of Beri-Beri is when the nervous system is affected by the low B1: ataxia, paresthesias, nystagmus, loss of muscle strength and tendon reflexes.

A

Dry beri-beri

“dry neurons”

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22
Q

This form of beri-beri is in infants when the mothers were deficient in B1.

A

Infantile beriberi

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23
Q

This form of beri-beri is when the cardio systems are affected: PITTING EDEMA, irregular heartbeat, increased HR

A

Wet beri-beri

“wet because of blood stuff and edema!”

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24
Q

This B1 deficiency is in alcoholics, where there is an inability to absorb B1.

A

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

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25
Q

What are the Sx of Wenicke’s?

A

triad of ocular disturbances/nystagmus, mental state change, and ataxia

26
Q

What are the Sx of Korsakoff?

A

severe memory impairment

lol wut.

27
Q

This vitamin is a coenzyme forms are NADH and NADPH and comes from meat, fish, cereals and enriched grains.

A

B3 (niacin)

28
Q

This disease is a deficiency in B3, and is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death (4 D’s).

A

Pallegra

29
Q

How is niacin used in large doses to treat hyperlipoproteinemias?

A

cuz it inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue and VLDL and LDL synthesis

30
Q

Where is B12 (cobalamin) used in the body?

2 reactions

A

AA and odd chain fatty acid metabolism

31
Q

Where can u get B12 in your diet?

A

meat, fish, dairy and eggs

32
Q

This is a defect in B12 due to a loss of intrinsic factor, which is required fro B12 uptake.

A

Pernicious anemia

33
Q

What can cause pernicious anemia?

A

atrophic gastritis or autoimmune destruction of the mucosal cells

34
Q

What are the Sx to pernicious anemia?

A

anemia, fatigue, depression :(, GI problems (heart burn, diarrhea, etc)

35
Q

What is vitamin C used for in the body?

A

Synthesis of collagen

36
Q

This disease is from inadequate vitamin C intake.

A

Scurvy

37
Q

What was the pirate movie rated?????

A

PG-13

38
Q

What are the Sx to Scurvy?

A

defective collagen synthesis, so u lose your teeth, impaired wound healing

39
Q

What does vitamin D do in the body?

A

it’s a precursor to a hormone that controls Ca levels in the circulation by controlling GI absorbtion of the Ca, bone resorption of Ca and renal excretion of Ca

40
Q

What is it called when there are weak bones and bowed legs in kids cuz of inadequate vit D intake?

A

Rickets

41
Q

What is it called when there are soft bones in adults due to inadequate vit D intake?

A

Osteomalacia

42
Q

What is the role of vit K in the body?

A

It’s important in blood clotting cuz it’s a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues on proteins II, VII, IX, and X.

43
Q

Case: you decide to prescribe a patient warfarin for heart disease. You are also aware vit K is high in leafy greens like spinach. Should you advise the pt to consume more or less of these foods? Why?

A

LESS! Vit K accelerates clotting mechanisms, so the pt should eat less if you’re trying to thin the blood.

44
Q

What are the Sx to vit K deficiency?

A

prolonged blood clotting –> hemorrhages`

45
Q

What is anemia?

A

When Hb and Hct are low

46
Q

Normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic refer to what about the RBC?

A

it’s size

47
Q

Normochromic and Hypochromic refer to what?

A

The [Hb]

48
Q

So what is going on with microcytic & hypochromatic RBC’s?

A

small RBC’s with low Hb

49
Q

What causes anemia with microcytic hypochromatic RBC’s?

A

impaired Hb synthesis

50
Q

What causes impaired Hb synthesis?

A

iron deficiency, thalassemia mutation, lead poisoning

51
Q

What causes anemia with macrocytic, normochromatic RBC’s?

A

impaired DNA synthesis

52
Q

What causes impaired DNA synthesis?

A

B12 or folic acid deficiency, erytholeukemia

53
Q

What causes anemia with normocytic and normochromic RBC’s?

A

RBC loss

54
Q

What causes RBC loss?

A

Bleeding, sickle cell, red cell metabolic disease, red cell membrane defects

55
Q

How much iron is absorbed when we consume 10-50mg a day?

A

only 10-15% of it

56
Q

Is Fe from meat or plants easier to absorb? Why?

A

Meat cuz its already in the heme form

57
Q

Is Fe absorbed in the ferrous or ferric state?

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

58
Q

What converts the ferrous iron to ferric?

A

ceruloplasim

59
Q

Why is free Fe always bound to apotransferrin in the blood?

A

cuz its toxic as shit

60
Q

What is the complex called when Fe binds to apotransferrin?

A

Transferrin

61
Q

What are the 3 main locations for the storage of Fe?

A

liver, spleen and bone marrow

62
Q

Once in the tissue, Fe binds with apoferritin to form what?

A

Ferritin

seriosuly can they come up with more names that look exactly alike?

Gastrointestinal (14 decks)

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